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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991–2000 2000–present: Government-in-exile | |||||||||
| Motto: Маршо я Ӏожалла! (Chechen) Свобода или смерть! (Russian) Freedom or Death! | |||||||||
| Anthem: Ӏожалла я маршо Joƶalla ya marşo "Death or Freedom" | |||||||||
.png) Location of Chechnya (dark green) | |||||||||
| Status |
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| Capital | Grozny 43°18′45″N 45°41′55″E / 43.31250°N 45.69861°E | ||||||||
| Official languages | |||||||||
| Religion |
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| Government | Unitary semi-presidential Republic (1991–1997) Unitary semi-presidential Islamic republic (1997–2000)[2] | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1991–1996 | Dzhokhar Dudayev | ||||||||
• 1996–1997 | Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev | ||||||||
• 1997–2000 | Aslan Maskhadov | ||||||||
| President-in-exile | |||||||||
• 2000–2005 | Aslan Maskhadov | ||||||||
• 2005–2006 | Abdul-Halim Sadulayev | ||||||||
• 2006–2007 | Dokka Umarov | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1991–1996 (first) | Dzhokhar Dudayev | ||||||||
• 1998–2000 (last) | Aslan Maskhadov | ||||||||
• 2007–present (in exile) | Akhmed Zakayev[3] | ||||||||
| Legislature | Parliament | ||||||||
| Historical era | Dissolution of the Soviet Union | ||||||||
| 19 August–15 September 1991 | |||||||||
| 1 November 1991 | |||||||||
• First war with Russia began | 11 December 1994 | ||||||||
• Moscow Peace Treaty signed | 12 May 1997 | ||||||||
• Second war started | 26 August 1999 | ||||||||
| 6 February 2000 | |||||||||
• Emirate proclaimed | 31 October 2007 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 15,300 km2 (5,900 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | |||||||||
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| Today part of | Russia | ||||||||
| History of Chechnya | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Prehistory | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ancient | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Medieval | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Early modern | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Modern | ||||||||||||||||||||
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The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (/ɪtʃˈkɛriə/ itch-KERR-ee-ə; Chechen: Нохчийн Республик Ичкери, romanized: Nóxçiyn Respublik Içkeri; Russian: Чеченская Республика Ичкерия, romanized: Chechenskaya Respublika Ichkeriya; abbreviated as "ChRI" or "CRI"), known simply as Ichkeria, and also known as Chechnya, is a former de facto state that controlled most of the former Checheno-Ingush ASSR from 1991 to 2000 and has been a government-in-exile since.
In September–October 1991, supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev seized power in Chechnya in the Chechen Revolution. Dudayev was subsequently elected as Chechnya's President and in this new position, he proclaimed Chechnya's independence from Russia. The move was welcomed by Georgia's President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who was one of the first to congratulate Dudayev with victory and attended his inauguration as president in Grozny.[4] While Chechnya did not receive backing from the international community, it received support and attention from Georgia, which became its only gateway to the outside world that was not controlled by Moscow. Close ties between Gamsakhurdia and Dudayev led to Russian officials, including Alexander Rutskoy, accusing Georgia of "fomenting unrest in the [Chechen autonomous] republic".[5]
The First Chechen War of 1994–1996 resulted in the victory of the separatist forces.[6] After achieving de facto independence from Russia in 1996,[7][8] kidnappings and violence between gangs plagued the region, which the government was unable to control.[9][10] In November 1997, Chechnya was proclaimed an Islamic republic.[11][12] The Second Chechen War began in August 1999, with Ichkeria falling and subsequently being forcibly subsumed back under the control of the Russian central government in 2000. An insurgency followed soon thereafter, officially ending in April 2009 after several years of conflict.[13] Since 2000, the Ichkerian government has continued its activities in exile. In October 2022, the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada voted to recognize the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as "temporarily occupied" by Russia.[14][15]
- ^ a b "The Constitution of Chechen Republic Ichkeria". Waynakh Online. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ "Конституция Чеченской Республики » Zhaina — Нахская библиотека". zhaina.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
caucasuswatchwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ E. Cornell, Svante; Frederick Starr, Stephen (28 January 2015). The Guns of August 2008 Russia's War in Georgia. Taylor & Francis. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-317-45653-7.
- ^ Dunlop, John (1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-521-63619-3.
- ^ "Still growling". The Economist. 22 January 1998. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ Sakwa, Richard (2005). Chechnya: From Past to Future. Anthem Press. p. 280. ISBN 9781843313618.
- ^ Meyers, Jeff (2017). The Criminal–Terror Nexus in Chechnya: A Historical, Social, and Religious Analysis. Lexington Books. p. 129. ISBN 9781498539319.
- ^ "Chechen president cracks down on crime". BBC News. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ "Chechnya, Torn by War, Is Also Being Tormented by Kidnappings". The New York Times. 15 October 1999.
- ^ "Chechnya's chop-chop justice". The Economist. 18 September 1997. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ "Chechnya proclaimed Islamic republic". UPI. 5 November 1997. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ "Chechnya profile". BBC News. 11 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ "Ukraine recognizes the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the Armed Forces of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria resurrected in Ukraine by the Government in exile". news.yahoo.com. 18 October 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine lawmakers brand Chechnya 'Russian-occupied' in dig at Kremlin". Reuters. 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).