The Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle ,[ 1] [ 2] reform and opening-up (Chinese : 改革开放 ; pinyin : Gǎigé kāifàng economic reforms termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics " and "socialist market economy " in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century, after Mao Zedong 's death in 1976. Guided by Deng Xiaoping , who is often credited as the "General Architect", the reforms were launched by reformists within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on December 18, 1978, during the Boluan Fanzheng [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre , but were revived after Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992.[ 7] [ 1] [ 2] [ 8] [ 9] world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP ,[ 10] [ 11] world's largest economy by GDP (PPP) .[ 12] a parallel set of political reforms were launched by Deng and his allies in the 1980s, but eventually ended in 1989 due to the crackdown on Tiananmen Square protests , halting further political liberalization.[ 13] [ 14]
^ a b Ray, Alok (2002). "The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons to Be Learnt" . Economic and Political Weekly . 37 (37): 3835–3848. ISSN 0012-9976 . JSTOR 4412606 . ^ a b Harrison, Virginia; Palumbo, Daniele (30 September 2019). "China anniversary: How the country became the world's 'economic miracle' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Faison, Seth (1997-02-20). "DENG XIAOPING IS DEAD AT 92; ARCHITECT OF MODERN CHINA (Published 1997)" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-01-12 . ^ Eisenman, Joshua. "Analysis | What we really know about China's Reform and Opening Up" . The Washington Post ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-01-12 . ^ Ezra F. Vogel , Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China ^ "关于"总设计师"称谓提法的来龙去脉" [Details regarding the name of "General Architect"]. People's Net Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2021-01-12 .^ "The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms" . South China Morning Post Archived from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2020-05-01 .^ Lin, Justin Yifu; Cai, Fang; Li, Zhou (2003). The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform ISBN 978-962-201-985-0 JSTOR j.ctv1fj84hd . ^ Nayar, Baldev Raj (December 2007). "Chapter 10 China's Economic Miracle". The Geopolitics of Globalization: The Consequences for Development Oxford University Press . pp. 181–216. ISBN 9780195672022 ^ Barboza, David (2010-08-15). "China Passes Japan as Second-Largest Economy" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-05-03 . ^ "China overtakes Japan as world's second-largest economy" . The Guardian . Associated Press. 2010-08-16. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2020-05-03 .^ Bergsten, C. Fred (2022). The United States vs. China : the quest for global economic leadership ISBN 978-1-5095-4735-7 OCLC 1255691875 .{{cite book }}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link )^ Wu, Wei (2015-06-04). "Why China's Political Reforms Failed" . The Diplomat Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2020-05-03 . ^ Mitter, Rana; Johnson, Elsbeth (2021-05-01). "What the West Gets Wrong About China" . Harvard Business Review . ISSN 0017-8012 . Retrieved 2024-03-24 . .svg)
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