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Major cultural forms
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Chinese shamanism, alternatively called Wuism (Chinese: 巫教; pinyin: wū jiào; lit. 'wu religion', ' shamanism', ' witchcraft'; alternatively 巫觋宗教 wū xí zōngjiào), refers to the shamanic religious tradition of China.[1][2] Its features are especially connected to the ancient Neolithic cultures such as the Hongshan culture.[3] Chinese shamanic traditions are intrinsic to Chinese folk religion.[4]
Various ritual traditions are rooted in original Chinese shamanism: contemporary Chinese ritual masters are sometimes identified as wu by outsiders,[5] though most orders don't self-identify as such. Also Taoism has some of its origins from Chinese shamanism:[1][6] it developed around the pursuit of long life (shou 壽/寿), or the status of a xian (仙, "mountain man", "holy man").[1]
- ^ a b c Libbrecht 2007, p. 43.
- ^ Eichhorn 1973, pp. 55–70.
- ^ Nelson et al. 2006.
- ^ Zhang & Hriskos 2003.
- ^ Nadeau 2012, p. 140.
- ^ Waldau & Patton 2009, p. 280.