| Chiwere | |
|---|---|
| Báxoje-Jíwere-Nyútʼachi Báxoje ich'é Jíwere ich'é | |
| Pronunciation | [b̥aꜜxodʒɛ itʃʼeꜜ] [d̥ʒiꜜweɾɛ itʃʼeꜜ] |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Oklahoma, Missouri, and Kansas |
| Ethnicity | 1,150 Iowa, Otoe, Missouria (2007)[1] |
| Extinct | 1996, with the death of Truman Washington Dailey[1] Fewer than 40 semi-fluent speakers (2009)[2][3] |
Siouan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | iow |
| Glottolog | iowa1245 |
| ELP | Chiwere |
| Linguasphere | 64-AAC-c |
 Chiwere is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger [4] | |
| People | Iowa (Báxoje), Otoe (Jiwére), Missouria (Ñiútachi) |
|---|---|
| Language | Ich'é, Hand Talk |
| Country | Báxoje Máyaⁿ, Jíwere Máyaⁿ, Ñút’achi Máyaⁿ |
Chiwere (also called Iowa-Otoe-Missouria or Báxoje-Jíwere-Nyútʼach) is a Siouan language originally spoken by the Missouria, Otoe, and Iowa peoples, who originated in the Great Lakes region but later moved throughout the Midwest and plains. The language is closely related to Ho-Chunk, also known as Winnebago.
Non-Native Christian missionaries first documented Chiwere in the 1830s, but since then not much material has been published about the language. Chiwere suffered a steady decline after extended European American contact in the 1850s, and by 1940 the language had almost totally ceased to be spoken.
"Tciwere itce" (in the Otoe dialect) and "Tcekiwere itce" (in the Iowa dialect) translate to "To speak the home dialect."[5] The name "Chiwere" is said to originate from a person meeting a stranger in the dark. If a stranger in the dark challenged a person to identify their self, that person might respond "I am Tci-we-re" (Otoe) or "I am Tce-ki-we-re" (Iowa), which translates to "I am belonging to the people of this land" or "I am belonging to those dwelling here."
- ^ a b Chiwere at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Anderton, Alice (February 22, 2009). "Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma". Intertribal Wordpath Society. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010.
- ^ "Welcome to the Ioway, Otoe-Missouria Language Website". Ioway, Otoe-Missouria Language. NativeWeb. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
- ^ Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
- ^ NAA MS 4800 [59]. "Three drafts of On the Comparative Phonology of Four Siouan Languages - James O. Dorsey papers, circa 1870-1956, bulk 1870-1895." National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.