Chronic toxicity

Chronic toxicity, the development of adverse effects as a result of long term exposure to a contaminant or other stressor, is an important aspect of aquatic toxicology.^[1] Adverse effects associated with chronic toxicity can be directly lethal but are more commonly sublethal, including changes in growth, reproduction, or behavior. Chronic toxicity is in contrast to acute toxicity, which occurs over a shorter period of time to higher concentrations. Various toxicity tests can be performed to assess the chronic toxicity of different contaminants, and usually last at least 10% of an organism's lifespan.^[2] Results of aquatic chronic toxicity tests can be used to determine water quality guidelines and regulations for protection of aquatic organisms.

^ Rand, G.M. (1995). Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: Effects, Environmental Fate, and Risk Assessment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1560320913.
^ Newman, M.C. (2010). Fundamentals of ecotoxicology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6704-0.

[Rand-1] Rand, G.M. (1995). Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: Effects, Environmental Fate, and Risk Assessment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1560320913.

[Newman-2] Newman, M.C. (2010). Fundamentals of ecotoxicology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6704-0.

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