Citizenship Amendment Act protests

Citizenship Amendment Act protests
CAA and NRC protests
(Counterclockwise from top) Jamia Milia Islamia students protesting, protests in Guwahati, Meghalaya, Kerala and Shaheen Bagh (New Delhi), protesters stopping traffic, Aisa and CPIML(L) protest in Kolkata.
Date4 December 2019 (2019-12-04) – March 2020 (2020-03)
Location
India
Caused by
Goals
MethodsProtesters: Civil disobedience, demonstrations, Dharna, Gherao, hunger strikes, Satyagraha, Hartal, vandalism, arson, stone pelting, hashtag activism, general strike (Bandh), Shooting
Government and supporters: Mass shooting by police, Riot police, stone pelting, vandalism, lathi charge, Mass arrest, Internet shutdown, curfew, transport restrictions, water cannon, imposing ban on assembly (Section 144)
StatusStopped. It became indispensable to stop due to the lockdown being imposed in the country to curb the COVID-19 pandemic[12]

Previously:

Parties
  • Multiple groups of citizens throughout India

Students Organisations

Other Organisations

Supported by:

Lead figures
Casualties
Death(s)65+[67][68][69][70][71]
Injuries175[72] (reported as of 16 December)
Arrested3000+[73] (reported as of 17 December)

The Citizenship Amendment Act (Bill) protests, also known as the CAA Protest, CAB Protest or CAA and NRC protests,[74] occurred after the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) was enacted by the Government of India on 12 December 2019. The move sparked a widespread national and overseas ongoing protests against the act and its associated proposals of the National Register of Citizens (NRC).[75] The protests first began in Assam and spread swiftly in other states such as[76] Delhi,[77] Meghalaya,[78] Arunachal Pradesh, and Tripura on 4 December 2019.[45] Protests broke out rapidly across the country, although the concerns of the protesters vary.[3][79]

The CAA amends the Indian citizenship act to provide accelerated pathway for citizenship for illegal migrants who are Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Parsi, Buddhist, and Christian from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India before 2014, following the religious persecutions.[80] The bill reduced the time taken for naturalization for this category from twelve years to six years. The bill does not mention Muslims and other communities who fled from the same or other neighbouring countries. Refugees from Sri Lankan Tamils in India, Rohingyas from Myanmar, and Tibetan refugees are also not mentioned in the bill.[81][82] The proposed National Register of Citizens (NRC) will be an official record of all legal citizens of India. Individuals would need to provide a prescribed set of documents before a specified cutoff date to be included in it.[83]

The amendment has been widely criticised as discriminating on the basis of religion, particularity for excluding Muslims.[84] Protestors against the amendment demand that it be scrapped and that the nationwide NRC not be implemented.[85][86][87] The bill has raised concerns among the Indian Muslim community.[88][89][90][91] They are also concerned that all citizens will be affected by the bureaucratic exercise of the NRC where they will have to prove their citizenship for inclusion in the registry.[92][93] The protesters have raised voices against authoritarianism and the police crackdown in universities to suppress protests.[3][94]

Protesters in Assam and other northeastern states do not want Indian citizenship to be granted to any refugee or immigrant, regardless of their religion, as they fear it would alter the region's demographic balance, resulting in a loss of their political rights, culture, and land.[95][96][97] They are also concerned that it will motivate further migration from Bangladesh that could violate the Assam Accord which was a prior agreement reached with the central government on migrants and refugees.[95][96][97]

The protests started in Assam on 4 December 2019, after the bill was introduced in parliament. Later on, protests erupted in Northeast India, and subsequently spread to the major cities of India. On 15 December, major protests took place near Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi and Aligarh Muslim University. As the protests broke out, mobs burnt and destroyed public as well as private properties and several railway stations were vandalised.[98][99][100] Police forcibly entered the campus of Jamia, used batons and tear gas on the students, and more than 200 students were injured while around 100 were detained overnight in the police station. The police action was widely criticised and resulted students across the country protesting in solidarity.[101][102]

The protests resulted in thousands of arrests and 27 deaths as of 27 December 2019.[103][67] Two 17-year-old minors were among those reported to have been killed due to police firing during a live ammunition on protesters in Assam.[104] On 19 December, the police issued a complete ban on protests in several parts of India. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained.[105]

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