Clemens August Graf von Galen | |
|---|---|
| Cardinal, Bishop of Münster | |
 | |
| Church | Latin Church |
| Diocese | Münster |
| Appointed | 5 September 1933 |
| Term ended | 22 March 1946 |
| Predecessor | Johannes Poggenburg |
| Successor | Michael Keller |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 28 May 1904 by Hermann Dingelstadt |
| Consecration | 28 October 1933 by Karl Joseph Schulte |
| Created cardinal | 21 February 1946 by Pope Pius XII |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Clemens August Graf von Galen 16 March 1878 |
| Died | 22 March 1946 (aged 68) Münster, Westphalia, Germany |
| Buried | Münster Cathedral |
| Nationality | German |
| Motto | Nec laudibus nec timore (neither by flattery nor by fear)[1] |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 22 March |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 9 October 2005 Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI |
Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf[2] von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946), better known as Clemens August Graf von Galen, was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Catholic Church. During World War II, Galen led Catholic protests against Nazi euthanasia and denounced Gestapo lawlessness and the persecution of the Church in Nazi Germany. He was appointed a cardinal by Pope Pius XII in 1946, shortly before his death, and was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.
Born into the German aristocracy, Galen received part of his education in Austria-Hungary from the Jesuits at Stella Matutina in the town of Feldkirch. After his ordination he worked in Berlin at St. Matthias. He intensely disliked the secular liberal values of the Weimar Republic and opposed individualism, modernism, secular humanism, atheism, anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism and democracy. A staunch German monarchist, conservative, nationalist, medievalist, traditionalist and patriot, he considered the Treaty of Versailles unjust and viewed Bolshevism as a threat to Germany and the Church. He espoused the stab-in-the-back theory: that the German military was defeated in 1918 only because it had been undermined by defeatist elements on the home front. He expressed his opposition to secularism in his book Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen (The Plague of Laicism and its Forms of Expression) (1932).[3] After serving in Berlin parishes from 1906 to 1929, he became the pastor of Münster's St. Lamberti Church, where he was noted for his political conservatism before being appointed Bishop of Münster in 1933.
Galen began to criticize Hitler's movement in 1934. He condemned the Nazi "worship of race" in a pastoral letter on 29 January 1934, and assumed responsibility for the publication of a collection of essays which fiercely criticized Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg and defended the teachings of the Catholic Church. He was an outspoken critic of certain Nazi policies and helped draft Pope Pius XI's 1937 anti-Nazi encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. In 1941, von Galen delivered three sermons in which he denounced the arrest of Jesuits, the confiscation of church property, Nazi attacks on the Church, and in the third, fiercely condemned the state-approved mass killing in the involuntary euthanasia programme of persons with mental or physical defects (Aktion T4).[4][5] The sermons were illegally circulated in print, inspiring some German Resistance groups, including the White Rose.[6]
Following this, in September 1943, another condemnation was read at the order of von Galen and other bishops from all Catholic pulpits in the diocese of Münster and across Nazi Germany, denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of a foreign race or descent".[7]
- ^ The Order Followed in the Consecration of a Bishop. The Cathedral Library Association. 1922. p. 24. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kriegwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The Murder of Unproductive Persons" Clemens von Galen
- ^ Ericksen, Robert. Complicity in the Holocaust. p. 111.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Anton Gill p.188was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Evans, Richard J. (2009). The Third Reich at War. New York City: Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59420-206-3, pp. 529–530.