Cognitive behavioral therapy

This article is about therapy to improve mental health. For the journal, see Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (journal). For other uses of the acronym 'CBT', see CBT.

Cognitive behavioral therapy
The triangle in the middle represents CBT's tenet that all humans' core beliefs can be summed up in three categories: self, others, future.
ICD-10-PCSGZ58ZZZ
MeSHD015928

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy[1][2] that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression, PTSD and anxiety disorders.[3] Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions (such as thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes) and their associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation[2][4] and develop personal coping strategies that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat depression, its uses have been expanded to include many issues and the treatment of many mental health and other conditions, including anxiety,[5][6] substance use disorders, marital problems, ADHD, and eating disorders.[7][8][9][10] CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies.[11][12][13]

CBT is a common form of talk therapy based on the combination of the basic principles from behavioral and cognitive psychology.[2] It is different from other approaches to psychotherapy, such as the psychoanalytic approach, where the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind the behaviors and then formulates a diagnosis. Instead, CBT is a "problem-focused" and "action-oriented" form of therapy, meaning it is used to treat specific problems related to a diagnosed mental disorder. The therapist's role is to assist the client in finding and practicing effective strategies to address the identified goals and to alleviate symptoms of the disorder.[14] CBT is based on the belief that thought distortions and maladaptive behaviors play a role in the development and maintenance of many psychological disorders[3] and that symptoms and associated distress can be reduced by teaching new information-processing skills and coping mechanisms.[1][14][15]

When compared to psychoactive medications, review studies have found CBT alone to be as effective for treating less severe forms of depression,[16] and borderline personality disorder.[17] Some research suggests that CBT is most effective when combined with medication for treating mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder.[18] CBT is recommended as the first line of treatment for the majority of psychological disorders in children and adolescents, including aggression and conduct disorder.[1][4] Researchers have found that other bona fide therapeutic interventions were equally effective for treating certain conditions in adults.[19][20] Along with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), CBT is recommended in treatment guidelines as a psychosocial treatment of choice.[1][21]

  1. ^ a b c d Hollon SD, Beck AT. Lambert MJ (ed.). Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy.
  2. ^ a b c Beck JS (2011), Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond (2nd ed.), New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 19–20
  3. ^ a b Field TA, Beeson ET, Jones LK (2015), "The New ABCs: A Practitioner's Guide to Neuroscience-Informed Cognitive-Behavior Therapy" (PDF), Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37 (3): 206–20, doi:10.17744/1040-2861-37.3.206, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2016, retrieved 6 July 2016
  4. ^ a b Benjamin CL, Puleo CM, Settipani CA, et al. (2011), "History of cognitive-behavioral therapy in youth", Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20 (2): 179–189, doi:10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.011, PMC 3077930, PMID 21440849
  5. ^ McKay D, Sookman D, Neziroglu F, Wilhelm S, Stein DJ, Kyrios M, et al. (February 2015). "Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder". Psychiatry Research. 225 (3): 236–246. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.058. PMID 25613661. S2CID 1688229.
  6. ^ Zhu Z, Zhang L, Jiang J, Li W, Cao X, Zhou Z, et al. (December 2014). "Comparison of psychological placebo and waiting list control conditions in the assessment of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis". Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 26 (6): 319–331. doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.214173. PMC 4311105. PMID 25642106.
  7. ^ Agras WS, Bohon C (May 2021). "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Eating Disorders". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 17 (1): 417–438. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-110907. PMID 33962536. S2CID 233998712.
  8. ^ Powell K (16 December 2021). "Searching for a better treatment for eating disorders". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-121621-1. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  9. ^ APA Div. 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology) (2017). "What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference KnouseLE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Johansson R, Andersson G (July 2012). "Internet-based psychological treatments for depression". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 12 (7): 861–869, quiz 870. doi:10.1586/ern.12.63. PMID 22853793. S2CID 207221630.
  12. ^ David D, Cristea I, Hofmann SG (29 January 2018). "Why Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Is the Current Gold Standard of Psychotherapy". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9: 4. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004. PMC 5797481. PMID 29434552.
  13. ^ Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJ, Beck AT (June 2013). "The science of cognitive therapy". Behavior Therapy. 44 (2): 199–212. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.01.007. PMID 23611069.
  14. ^ a b Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2010), Psychology (2nd ed.), New York: Worth Pub, p. 600
  15. ^ Brewin CR (1996). "Theoretical foundations of cognitive-behavior therapy for anxiety and depression". Annual Review of Psychology. 47: 33–57. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.33. PMID 8624137.
  16. ^ Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Matyas N, Titscher V, Greimel J, Lux L, et al. (June 2017). "Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: review of systematic reviews". BMJ Open. 7 (6): e014912. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014912. PMC 5623437. PMID 28615268.
  17. ^ Davidson K, Tyrer P, Gumley A, Tata P, Norrie J, Palmer S, et al. (October 2006). "A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: rationale for trial, method, and description of sample". Journal of Personality Disorders. 20 (5): 431–449. doi:10.1521/pedi.2006.20.5.431. PMC 1847748. PMID 17032157.
  18. ^ March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, Curry J, Wells K, Fairbank J, et al. (Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) Team) (August 2004). "Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 292 (7): 807–820. doi:10.1001/jama.292.7.807. PMID 15315995.
  19. ^ Baardseth TP, Goldberg SB, Pace BT, Wislocki AP, Frost ND, Siddiqui JR, et al. (April 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus other therapies: redux". Clinical Psychology Review. 33 (3): 395–405. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.004. PMID 23416876.
  20. ^ Shedler J (2010). "The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 65 (2): 98–109. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.607.2980. doi:10.1037/a0018378. PMID 20141265. S2CID 2034090. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  21. ^ Barth J, Munder T, Gerger H, Nüesch E, Trelle S, Znoj H, et al. (2013). "Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta-analysis". PLOS Medicine. 10 (5): e1001454. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001454. PMC 3665892. PMID 23723742.