Colchicine has a narrow therapeutic index, so overdosing is a significant risk. Common side effects of colchicine include gastrointestinal upset, particularly at high doses.[13] Severe side effects may include pancytopenia (low blood cell counts) and rhabdomyolysis (damage to skeletal muscle), and the medication can be deadly in overdose.[11] Whether colchicine is safe for use during pregnancy is unclear, but its use during breastfeeding appears to be safe.[11][14] Colchicine works by decreasing inflammation via multiple mechanisms.[15]
Colchicine, in the form of the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), was used as early as 1500 BC to treat joint swelling.[16] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1961.[2] It is available as a generic medication.[14] In 2021, it was the 184th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.[17][18]
Colchicine is widely used in plant breeding to induce polyploidy, in which the number of chromosomes in plant cells are doubled. This frequently results in larger, hardier, faster-growing, and in general more desirable plants than the normally diploid parents.[19]
^ abBritish national formulary: BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 1085–1086. ISBN978-0-85711-338-2. "Colchicine". British national formulary. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Retrieved 26 January 2024. Available online in UK only