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In the sociology of crime, the term collective efficacy refers to the ability of members of a community to control the behavior of individuals and groups in the community.[1] Control of people's behavior allows community residents to create a safe and orderly environment. Collective efficacy involves residents monitoring children playing in public areas, acting to prevent truancy and street corner "hanging" by teenagers, and confronting individuals who exploit or disturb public spaces.
Advocates of collective efficacy claim that these measures increase community control over individuals, thus creating an environment where violent crime is less likely to occur.[2][3] Researchers have argued that increasing collective efficacy can lead to a significant reduction of crime in communities.[2][4] Communities with high levels of collective efficacy have been found to have lower rates of violence[1] and homicide,[5] suggesting that community participation in preventing violence reduces crime.
Collective efficacy depends on the values shared by community members. If members of a community trust each other and are willing to cooperate to prevent violence and crime, it is more likely that they will be able to create a safe community environment.
The concept of collective efficacy has been used to explain why urban neighborhoods differ in the amount of crime that takes place in them. In urban areas where neighbors monitor group behavior and are willing to intervene to break out fights or otherwise prevent disorder, violent crime is less likely to occur.[6]
- ^ a b Sampson, Robert. J., Stephen. W. Raudenbush, and Felton Earls. 1997. [1] "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy." Science 277 (5328): 918-924.
- ^ a b Sampson, Robert J. and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1999. [2] "Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods." American Journal of Sociology 105 (3): 603.
- ^ Browning, Christopher R. 2002. [3] "The Span of Collective Efficacy: Extending Social Disorganization Theory to Partner Violence." Journal of Marriage and Family 64 (4): 833-850.
- ^ Ludwig, Jens, Greg J. Duncan, and Paul Hirschfield. 2001. [4] "Urban Poverty and Juvenile Crime: Evidence from a Randomized Housing-Mobility Experiment." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (2): 655-679.
- ^ Morenoff, Jeffrey D., Robert J. Sampson, and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 2001. [5] "Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence*." Criminology 39 (3): 517-558.
- ^ Sampson, Robert J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Thomas Gannon-Rowley. 2002.[6] "Assessing "Neighborhood Effects": Social Processes and New Directions in Research." Annual Review of Sociology: 443-478.