Colombian conflict

Colombian Conflict
Part of the Cold War (1964–1991), the War on Drugs (1971–present) and the War on Terror (2001–present)[28][29][30][31]

Top left: FARC guerrillas during the Caguan dialogues.
Top right: Displaced people.
Center left: National Police during the Palace of justice siege.
Center right: Death of Pablo Escobar.
Bottom left: peace talks during the government of Juan Manuel Santos.
Bottom right: Fredy Iturre Klínger (center) cries after seeing his half-brother killed in the Battle of Gutiérrez, 1999.
DateMay 27, 1964[32][33] – present
(60 years, 5 months and 2 weeks)
Location
Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela and Ecuador
Status

Ongoing

Territorial
changes		 El Caguán DMZ (1999–2002)
Belligerents

Colombia Colombia

Supported by:
 Peru
 Panama[1]
 Mexico
 Brazil[2]
 Ecuador
 United States
 Spain[3]
 United Kingdom[4]

Colombian drug cartels and paramilitaries

Supported by:
Contras (1979–90)

Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries

Guerrillas

Supported by:
 Venezuela[16]
 Cuba[17][18]
 Belarus[19][20] (from 2008)
 Nicaragua (alleged)[21]
Libya (until 2011)[22][23]
 Soviet Union
(until 1989)[18]
Albania (financial support; 1960s–1970s)[24]
Cartel of the Suns[25]
FBL[16]
Shining Path (factions)[26][27]
ETA (1964–2018)
PIRA (1969–98)
Commanders and leaders

Colombia Gustavo Petro
(2022–present)

Former
 AUC:
Fidel Castaño †
Carlos Castaño †
Vicente Castaño[34]
Rodrigo Tovar Pupo
Salvatore Mancuso
Diego Murillo
AGC:
Daniel Rendón Herrera
Medellín cartel:
Pablo Escobar †
José Rodríguez †

FARC:
Timoleón Jiménez
Iván Márquez
Joaquín Gómez
Mauricio Jaramillo
Alfonso Cano †

ELN:
Antonio García
Francisco Galán
Strength
National Police: 175,250[35]
Army: 237,567[35]
Navy: 33,913[35]
Air Force: 14,033[35]		 Paramilitary successor groups, including the Black Eagles: 3,749–13,000[36][37][38] FARC: 13,980 (2016)[39]
ELN: 1,380–3,000 (2013)[40]
EPL: 400 (2017)[15]
FARC dissidents: 2,500 (2021)[41]
Casualties and losses
Colombia Army and Police:
4,908 killed since 2004[35]
20,001 injured since 2004[35]		 AUC:
2,200 killed
35,000 demobilized
BACRIM:
222 killed[35]
18,506 captured[35]
Medellín Cartel:
2,100 killed		 FARC,
ELN and other irregular military groups:
11,484 killed since 2004[35]
26,648 demobilized since 2002[42]
34,065 captured since 2004[35]
Civilians killed: 177,307[43]
People abducted: 27,023[43]
Total people displaced: 4,744,046–5,712,506[43][44]
Number of refugees: 340,000[45]
Total dead: 450,000[46][43][47]
Part of a series on the
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Timeline
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Spanish colonization 1499–1550
New Kingdom of Granada 1550–1717
Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717–1819
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Republic of New Granada 1831–1858
Granadine Confederation 1858–1863
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Republic of Colombia 1886–present
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The Colombian conflict (Spanish: Conflicto armado interno de Colombia, lit. 'Colombian internal armed conflict') began on May 27, 1964, and is a low-intensity asymmetric war between the government of Colombia, far-right paramilitary groups and crime syndicates, and far-left guerrilla groups, fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory.[48] Some of the most important international contributors to the Colombian conflict include multinational corporations, the United States,[49][50][51] Cuba,[52] and the drug trafficking industry.[53]

The conflict is historically rooted in the conflict known as La Violencia, which was triggered by the 1948 assassination of liberal political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán,[54] and in the aftermath of the anti-communist repression in rural Colombia in the 1960s that led Liberal and Communist militants to re-organize into the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).[55]

The reasons for fighting vary from group to group. The FARC and other guerrilla movements claim to be fighting for the rights of the poor in Colombia to protect them from government violence and to provide social justice through communism.[56] The Colombian government claims to be fighting for order and stability, and to protect the rights and interests of its citizens. The paramilitary groups claim to be reacting to perceived threats by guerrilla movements.[57]

According to a study by Colombia's National Centre for Historical Memory, 220,000 people have died in the conflict between 1958 and 2013, most of them civilians (177,307 civilians and 40,787 fighters), and more than five million civilians were forced from their homes between 1985 and 2012, generating the world's second-largest population of internally displaced persons (IDPs).[43][58][59] 16.9% of the population in Colombia has been a direct victim of the war.[60] 2.3 million children have been displaced from their homes, and 45,000 children killed, according to national figures cited by UNICEF.[citation needed] In total, one in three of the 7.6 million registered victims of the conflict are children, and since 1985, 8,000 minors have disappeared.[61] A Special Unit was created to search for persons deemed as missing within the context of and due to the armed conflict.[62] As of April 2022, the Single Registry of Victims reported 9,263,826 victims of the Colombian conflict, with 2,048,563 of them being children.[63]

Approximately 80% of those killed in the conflict have been civilians. In 2022 the Truth Commission of Colombia estimated that paramilitaries were responsible for 45% of civilian deaths, the guerrillas for 27% and state forces for 12%, with the remaining 16% attributable to other groups or mixed responsibility.[64][65]

On June 23, 2016, the Colombian government and the FARC rebels signed a historic ceasefire deal, bringing them closer to ending more than five decades of conflict.[66] Although the deal was rejected in the subsequent October plebiscite,[67] the same month, the then Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end.[68] A revised peace deal was signed the following month and submitted to Congress for approval.[69] The House of Representatives unanimously approved the plan on November 30, a day after the Senate also gave its backing.[70]

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