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The Conservative Revolution (German: Konservative Revolution), also known as the German neoconservative movement,[1] or new nationalism,[2] was a German national-conservative and ultraconservative movement prominent during the Weimar Republic and Austria, in the years 1918–1933 (between World War I and the Nazi seizure of power).
Conservative revolutionaries were involved in a cultural counter-revolution and showed a wide range of diverging positions concerning the nature of the institutions Germany had to instate, labelled by historian Roger Woods the "conservative dilemma". Nonetheless, they were generally opposed to traditional Wilhelmine Christian conservatism, egalitarianism, liberalism and parliamentarian democracy as well as the cultural spirit of the bourgeoisie and modernity. Plunged into what historian Fritz Stern has named a deep "cultural despair", uprooted as they felt within the rationalism and scientism of the modern world, theorists of the Conservative Revolution drew inspiration from various elements of the 19th century, including Friedrich Nietzsche's contempt for Christian ethics, democracy and egalitarianism; the anti-modern and anti-rationalist tendencies of German Romanticism; the vision of an organic and naturally-organized folk community cultivated by the Völkisch movement; the Prussian tradition of militaristic and authoritarian nationalism; and their own experience of comradeship and irrational violence on the front lines of World War I.
The Conservative Revolution held an ambiguous relationship with Nazism from the 1920s to the early 1930s, which has led scholars to describe it as a form of "German pre-fascism"[3] or "non-Nazi fascism".[4] Although they share common roots in 19th-century anti-Enlightenment ideologies, the disparate movement cannot be easily confused with Nazism.[5] Conservative Revolutionaries were not necessarily racialist as the movement cannot be reduced to its Völkisch component.[6] Although they participated in preparing the German society to the rule of the Nazi Party with their antidemocratic and organicist theories,[7] and did not really oppose their rise to power,[8] Conservative Revolutionary writings did not have a decisive influence on Nazism,[9] and the movement was brought to heel like the rest of the society when Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933, culminating in the assassination of prominent thinker Edgar Jung by the Nazis during the Night of the Long Knives in the following year.[10] Many of them eventually rejected the antisemitic or the totalitarian nature of the Nazi regime,[11] with the notable exception of Carl Schmitt and some others.
From the 1960–1970s onwards, the Conservative Revolution has largely influenced the European New Right, in particular the French Nouvelle Droite and the German Neue Rechte,[12] and through them the contemporary European Identitarian movement.[13][14]
- ^ Dupeux 1994, pp. 471–474; Woods 1996, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Breuer 1993, pp. 194–198; Woods 1996, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Dupeux 1992.
- ^ Feldman 2006, p. 304; Bar-On 2011, p. 333.
- ^ Woods 1996, pp. 1–2, 111–115.
- ^ Dupeux 1994, pp. 471–474.
- ^ Woods 1996, pp. 2–4; Klapper 2015, pp. 13–15.
- ^ Woods 1996, p. 134.
- ^ Stern 1961, p. 298.
- ^ François 2009.
- ^ Stern 1961, p. 298; Klapper 2015, pp. 13–15.
- ^ Pfahl-Traughber 1998, pp. 223–232; Bar-On 2011, p. 340; François 2017.
- ^ Hentges, Gudrun; Kökgiran, Gürcan; Nottbohm, Kristina. "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen" Archived 20 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen 27, no. 3 (2014): 1–26.
- ^ Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. (2017). Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780190212599.