Continuation War

Continuation War
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II

Finnish soldiers at the VT-line of fortifications during the Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive in June 1944
Date25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944
(3 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Finland, Karelia, and Murmansk area
Result

Soviet victory

Territorial
changes
  • Petsamo ceded to the USSR
  • Porkkala Peninsula leased to the USSR for 50 years[c]
  • Hanko retaken by Finland
    • Belligerents
     Finland
     Germany
    Naval support:
     Italy[a]    		  Soviet Union
    Air support:
     United Kingdom[b]
    Commanders and leaders
    Strength
    Average: 450,000 Finns[6]
    Peak: 700,000 Finns[6]
    1941: 67,000 Germans[7]
    1944: 214,000 Germans[7]
    2,000 Estonian volunteers
    1,000 Swedish volunteers
    99 Italian navy personnel
    550 aircraft[8]    		 Total: 900,000–1,500,000[9]
    June 1941: 450,000[10]
    June 1944: 650,000[11]
    1,506 tanks[d]
    1,382 aircraft[e]
    Casualties and losses
    • Finnish
    • 63,200 dead or missing[16][17]
    • 158,000 wounded[16]
    • 2,370–3,500 captured[18]
    • 182 aircraft[19]
    • 225,000 total casualties
    • Not including civilian casualties
    • German
    • 23,200 dead or missing
    • 60,400 wounded
    • 84,000 total casualties[17]
    • Not including civilian casualties

    The Continuation War,[f] also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II. It began with a Finnish declaration of war on 25 June 1941 and ended on 19 September 1944 with the Moscow Armistice. The Soviet Union and Finland had previously fought the Winter War from 1939 to 1940, which ended with the Soviet failure to conquer Finland and the Moscow Peace Treaty. Numerous reasons have been proposed for the Finnish decision to invade, with regaining territory lost during the Winter War regarded as the most common. Other justifications for the conflict include Finnish President Risto Ryti's vision of a Greater Finland and Commander-in-Chief Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim's desire to annex East Karelia.

    On 22 June 1941, the Axis invaded the Soviet Union. Three days later, the Soviet Union conducted an air raid on Finnish cities which prompted Finland to declare war and allow German troops in Finland to begin offensive warfare. By September 1941, Finland had regained its post–Winter War concessions to the Soviet Union in Karelia. The Finnish Army continued its offensive past the 1939 border during the invasion of East Karelia and halted it only around 30–32 km (19–20 mi) from the centre of Leningrad. It participated in besieging the city by cutting the northern supply routes and by digging in until 1944. In Lapland, joint German-Finnish forces failed to capture Murmansk or to cut the Kirov (Murmansk) Railway. The Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive in June and August 1944 drove the Finns from most of the territories that they had gained during the war, but the Finnish Army halted the offensive in August 1944.

    Hostilities between Finland and the USSR ceased in September 1944 with the signing of the Moscow Armistice in which Finland restored its borders per the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty and additionally ceded Petsamo and leased the Porkkala Peninsula to the Soviets. Furthermore, Finland was required to pay war reparations to the Soviet Union, accept partial responsibility for the war, and acknowledge that it had been a German ally. Finland was also required by the agreement to expel German troops from Finnish territory, which led to the Lapland War between Finland and Germany.

    1. ^ Zapotoczny 2017, p. 123.
    2. ^ Clements 2012, p. 210.
    3. ^ Sturtivant 1990, p. 86.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Benedict was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Jakobson 1969, pp. 45–47.
    6. ^ a b Kinnunen & Kivimäki 2011, p. 173.
    7. ^ a b Ziemke 2002, pp. 9, 391–393.
    8. ^ "History of the Finnish Air Force". Ilmavoimat. Retrieved 23 July 2023. The Air Force had a total strength of 550 aircraft.
    9. ^ Manninen, Ohto, Molotovin cocktail- Hitlerin sateenvarjo, 1994, Painatuskeskus, ISBN 951-37-1495-0
    10. ^ a b c Krivosheev 1997, pp. 79, 269–271.
    11. ^ Manninen 1994, pp. 277–282.
    12. ^ Glantz 1998, p. 127.
    13. ^ Jokipii 1999, p. 301.
    14. ^ Kirchubel 2013, p. 151.
    15. ^ Kovalevsky 2009, pp. 3–8.
    16. ^ a b c d Kinnunen & Kivimäki 2011, p. 172.
    17. ^ a b c Nenye et al. 2016, p. 320.
    18. ^ Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005, pp. 1022–1032.
    19. ^ "History of the Finnish Air Force". Ilmavoimat. Retrieved 23 July 2023. The Air Force lost 182 aircraft destroyed in action or otherwise damaged beyond repair
    20. ^ Leskinen & Juutilainen 2005, p. 1036.
    21. ^ Jowett & Snodgrass 2012, p. 14.
    22. ^ Nikunen, Talvitie & Keskinen 2011, p. 349.
    23. ^ "Finland". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. MacMillan Publishing Company. 1974. ISBN 0028800109.


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