| Copernicium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /ˌkoʊpərˈnɪsiəm/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mass number | [285] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copernicium in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic number (Z) | 112 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group | group 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period | period 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Block | d-block | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 (predicted)[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (predicted) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | liquid (predicted)[2][3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 283 ± 11 K (10 ± 11 °C, 50 ± 20 °F) (predicted)[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 340 ± 10 K (67 ± 10 °C, 153 ± 18 °F)[3] (predicted) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 14.0 g/cm3 (predicted)[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triple point | 283 K, 25 kPa (predicted)[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | common: (none) (+2), (+4)[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | calculated: 147 pm[1][4] (predicted) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 122 pm (predicted)[5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | synthetic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (predicted)[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Number | 54084-26-3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Naming | after Nicolaus Copernicus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (1996) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isotopes of copernicium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Cn and atomic number 112. Its known isotopes are extremely radioactive, and have only been created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 30 seconds. Copernicium was first created in February 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It was named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus on his 537th anniversary.
In the periodic table of the elements, copernicium is a d-block transactinide element and a group 12 element. During reactions with gold, it has been shown[8] to be an extremely volatile element, so much so that it is possibly a gas or a volatile liquid at standard temperature and pressure.
Copernicium is calculated to have several properties that differ from its lighter homologues in group 12, zinc, cadmium and mercury; due to relativistic effects, it may give up its 6d electrons instead of its 7s ones, and it may have more similarities to the noble gases such as radon rather than its group 12 homologues. Calculations indicate that copernicium may show the oxidation state +4, while mercury shows it in only one compound of disputed existence and zinc and cadmium do not show it at all. It has also been predicted to be more difficult to oxidize copernicium from its neutral state than the other group 12 elements. Predictions vary on whether solid copernicium would be a metal, semiconductor, or insulator. Copernicium is one of the heaviest elements whose chemical properties have been experimentally investigated.
- ^ a b c d Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
- ^ Soverna S 2004, 'Indication for a gaseous element 112,' in U Grundinger (ed.), GSI Scientific Report 2003, GSI Report 2004-1, p. 187, ISSN 0174-0814
- ^ a b c d e f Mewes, J.-M.; Smits, O. R.; Kresse, G.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019). "Copernicium is a Relativistic Noble Liquid". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. doi:10.1002/anie.201906966.
- ^ Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ Chemical Data. Copernicium - Cn, Royal Chemical Society
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Ibadullayev, D.; et al. (2022). "Investigation of 48Ca-induced reactions with 242Pu and 238U targets at the JINR Superheavy Element Factory". Physical Review C. 106 (24612). Bibcode:2022PhRvC.106b4612O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.024612. S2CID 251759318.
- ^ Eichler, R.; et al. (2007). "Chemical Characterization of Element 112". Nature. 447 (7140): 72–75. Bibcode:2007Natur.447...72E. doi:10.1038/nature05761. PMID 17476264. S2CID 4347419.