Coprecipitation

In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed.[1] Analogously, in medicine, coprecipitation (referred to as immunoprecipitation) is specifically "an assay designed to purify a single antigen from a complex mixture using a specific antibody attached to a beaded support".[2]

Coprecipitation is an important topic in chemical analysis, where it can be undesirable, but can also be usefully exploited. In gravimetric analysis, which consists on precipitating the analyte and measuring its mass to determine its concentration or purity, coprecipitation is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. This problem can often be mitigated by "digestion" (waiting for the precipitate to equilibrate and form larger and purer particles) or by redissolving the sample and precipitating it again.[3]

Typical co-precipitation method for micro and nano particle synthesis

On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in radiochemistry, coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element. Since the trace element is too dilute (sometimes less than a part per trillion) to precipitate by conventional means, it is typically coprecipitated with a carrier, a substance that has a similar crystalline structure that can incorporate the desired element. An example is the separation of francium from other radioactive elements by coprecipitating it with caesium salts such as caesium perchlorate. Otto Hahn is credited for promoting the use of coprecipitation in radiochemistry.

There are three main mechanisms of coprecipitation: inclusion, occlusion, and adsorption.[3] An inclusion (incorporation in the crystal lattice) occurs when the impurity occupies a lattice site in the crystal structure of the carrier, resulting in a crystallographic defect; this can happen when the ionic radius and charge of the impurity are similar to those of the carrier. An adsorbate is an impurity that is weakly, or strongly, bound (adsorbed) to the surface of the precipitate. An occlusion occurs when an adsorbed impurity gets physically trapped inside the crystal as it grows.

Besides its applications in chemical analysis and in radiochemistry, coprecipitation is also important to many environmental issues related to water resources, including acid mine drainage, radionuclide migration around waste repositories, toxic heavy metal transport at industrial and defense sites, metal concentrations in aquatic systems, and wastewater treatment technology.[4]

Coprecipitation is also used as a method of magnetic nanoparticle synthesis.[5]

  1. ^ Patnaik, P. (2004). Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill.
  2. ^ "Immunoprecipitation (IP) technical guide and protocols" (PDF). Thermo Scientific. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b Harvey, D. (2000). Modern Analytical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill.
  4. ^ "Cosis.net" (PDF). www.cosis.net. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  5. ^ Lu, A.-H., Salabas, E. L. and Schüth, F. (2007). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46,1222–1244.