Cranial electrotherapy stimulation

Device used to perform CES

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a form of neurostimulation that delivers a small, pulsed, alternating current via electrodes on the head.[1] CES is used with the intention of treating a variety of conditions such as anxiety, depression and insomnia.[1] CES has been suggested as a possible treatment for headaches, fibromyalgia, smoking cessation, and opiate withdrawal,[1] but there is little evidence of effectiveness for many of these conditions and the evidence for use in acute depression is not sufficient to justify it.[2]

  1. ^ a b c Rosa, MA; Lisanby, SH (January 2012). "Somatic treatments for mood disorders". Neuropsychopharmacology. 37 (1): 102–116. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.225. PMC 3238088. PMID 21976043.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kavirajan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).