Crimean Khanate

Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak
Taht-i Qırım ve Deşt-i Qıpçaq
تخت قريم و دشت قپچاق (Crimean Tatar)
1441–1783
Coat of arms (17th–18th century) of Crimean Khanate
Coat of arms
(17th–18th century)
The limit of expansion of the Crimean Khanate (Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak) on the lands of the Ulus of Jochi as of 1523.[2]
The limit of expansion of the Crimean Khanate (Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak) on the lands of the Ulus of Jochi as of 1523.[2]
StatusKhanate[a]
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Sunni Islam
Demonym(s)Crimean
GovernmentElective monarchy
Khan 
• 1441–1466
Hacı I Giray (first)
• 1777–1783
Şahin Giray (last)
History 
• Established
1441
1783
CurrencyAkçe
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Golden Horde
Principality of Theodoro
Russian Empire
Today part of

The Crimean Khanate,[b] self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak,[5][c] and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary,[d] was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441–1783, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441, it was regarded as the direct heir to the Golden Horde and to Desht-i-Kipchak.[6][7]

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.[8]

  1. ^ Archive
  2. ^ Темушев 2021, p. 1026, see legend of the map (red dash line).
  3. ^ Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 14. 1996. p. 77.
  4. ^ "Chaghatay Language and Literature". Iranica. Ebn Mohannā (Jamāl-al-Dīn, fl. early 8th/14th century, probably in Khorasan), for instance, characterized it as the purest of all Turkish languages (Doerfer, 1976, p. 243), and the khans of the Golden Horde (Radloff, 1870; Kurat; Bodrogligeti, 1962) and of the Crimea (Kurat), as well as the Kazan Tatars (Akhmetgaleeva; Yusupov), wrote in Chaghatay much of the time.
  5. ^ Andriy Domanovsky (2017). Загадки Истории Крымское Ханство (PDF) (in Russian). p. 11.
  6. ^ Протоколы посланий первых лиц Крымского юрта и договорных грамот ханской канцелярии. Из писем ханов Ислам-Гирея III и Мухаммед-Гирея IV к царю Алексею Михайловичу и королю Яну Казимиру "…Я, великий хан Ислам-Гирей, великий падишах Великой Орды и Великого Юрта, Дешт-Кыпчака, и престольного Крыма, и всех ногаев, и неисчислимых войск, и татов с тавгачами, и горных черкесов, да поможет Ему Аллах оставаться победителем до Судного дня, от Их величества
  7. ^ Зайцев И. В., Орешкова С. Ф. Османский мир и османистика стр. 259
  8. ^ Г. Л. Кессельбреннер (1994). Крым: страницы истории. Moscow: SvR-Аргус. ISBN 5-86949-003-0.


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