Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis
Micrograph showing cryptosporidiosis. The cryptosporidium are the small, round bodies in apical vacuoles on the surface of the epithelium. H&E stain. Colonic biopsy.
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsWatery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever
CausesCryptosporidium infection
Risk factorsImmunocompromisation
PreventionAvoid contaminated water
TreatmentNitazoxanide

Cryptosporidiosis, sometimes informally called crypto,[1] is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the distal small intestine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immunocompetent (i.e., individuals with a normal functioning immune system) and immunocompromised (e.g., persons with HIV/AIDS or autoimmune disorders) individuals, resulting in watery diarrhea with or without an unexplained cough.[2] In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal. It is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water;[2][3] recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via fomites contaminated with respiratory secretions.[2]

Cryptosporidium is commonly isolated in HIV-positive patients presenting with diarrhea.[4][5] Despite not being identified until 1976, it is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide. The infection begins when a human consumes food or water containing cysts of the Cryptosporidium organism.[citation needed]

  1. ^ "Cryptosporidiosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 February 2009.
  2. ^ a b c Sponseller JK, Griffiths JK, Tzipori S (2014). "The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27 (3): 575–86. doi:10.1128/CMR.00115-13. PMC 4135895. PMID 24982322. Recent evidence indicates that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent children with cryptosporidial diarrhea and unexplained cough. Findings from animal models, human case reports, and a few epidemiological studies suggest that Cryptosporidium may be transmitted via respiratory secretions, in addition to the more recognized fecal-oral route. ... Upper respiratory cryptosporidiosis may cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, and trachea, accompanied by nasal discharge and voice change (54, 61, 62). Cryptosporidiosis of the lower respiratory tract typically results in productive cough, dyspnea, fever, and hypoxemia (63,–66). ... While fecal-oral transmission is indisputably the major route of infection, transmission via coughing and fomites is also possible in situations of close contact (20). ... Because they lacked gastrointestinal symptoms and oocyst excretion, the latter cases establish the possibility of primary respiratory infection with Cryptosporidium, which may have been acquired by inhalation of expectorated droplets or by contact with fomites. ... This finding suggests that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent individuals.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference CDC risk factors was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Wang, Ze-Dong; Liu, Quan; Liu, Huan-Huan; Li, Shuang; Zhang, Li; Zhao, Yong-Kun; Zhu, Xing-Quan (9 January 2018). "Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasites & Vectors. 11 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2558-x. PMC 5759777. PMID 29316950.
  5. ^ Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Safarpour, Hanie; Xiao, Lihua; Zarean, Mehdi; Hatam-Nahavandi, Kareem; Barac, Aleksandra; Picot, Stephane; Rahimi, Mohammad Taghi; Rubino, Salvatore; Mahami-Oskouei, Mahmoud; Spotin, Adel; Nami, Sanam; Baghi, Hossein Bannazadeh (2020). "Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasite. 27: 27. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020025. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 7191976. PMID 32351207.