Curium

Curium, ₉₆Cm

Curium
Pronunciation	/ˈkjʊəriəm/ ​(KURE-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery metallic, glows purple in the dark
Mass number	[247]
Curium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Gd ↑ Cm ↓ — americium ← curium → berkelium
Atomic number (Z)	96
Group	f-block groups (no number)
Period	period 7
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1613 K ​(1340 °C, ​2444 °F)
Boiling point	3383 K ​(3110 °C, ​5630 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	13.51 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.85 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1788 1982
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +3 +4,[1] +5,[2] +6[3]
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Ionization energies	1st: 581 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 174 pm
Covalent radius	169±3 pm
Spectral lines of curium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	synthetic
Crystal structure	​double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp)
Electrical resistivity	1.25 µΩ⋅m[4]
Magnetic ordering	antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition at 52 K[4]
CAS Number	7440-51-9
History
Naming	named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie
Discovery	Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso (1944)
Isotopes of curium v e
Main isotopes[5] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 242Cm synth 162.8 d α 238Pu SF – CD 208Pb 243Cm synth 29.1 y α 239Pu ε 243Am SF – 244Cm synth 18.11 y α 240Pu SF – 245Cm synth 8250 y α 241Pu SF – 246Cm synth 4760 y α 242Pu SF – 247Cm synth 1.56×107 y α 243Pu 248Cm synth 3.480×105 y α 244Pu SF – 250Cm synth 8300 y SF – α 246Pu β− 250Bk
Category: Curium view talk edit | references

Curium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This transuranic actinide element was named after eminent scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, both known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally made by the team of Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso in 1944, using the cyclotron at Berkeley. They bombarded the newly discovered element plutonium (the isotope ²³⁹Pu) with alpha particles. This was then sent to the Metallurgical Laboratory at University of Chicago where a tiny sample of curium was eventually separated and identified. The discovery was kept secret until after the end of World War II. The news was released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains ~20 grams of curium.

Curium is a hard, dense, silvery metal with a high melting and boiling point for an actinide. It is paramagnetic at ambient conditions, but becomes antiferromagnetic upon cooling, and other magnetic transitions are also seen in many curium compounds. In compounds, curium usually has valence +3 and sometimes +4; the +3 valence is predominant in solutions. Curium readily oxidizes, and its oxides are a dominant form of this element. It forms strongly fluorescent complexes with various organic compounds. If it gets into the human body, curium accumulates in bones, lungs, and liver, where it promotes cancer.

All known isotopes of curium are radioactive and have small critical mass for a nuclear chain reaction. The most stable isotope, ²⁴⁷Cm, has a half-life of 15.6 million years; the longest-lived curium isotopes predominantly emit alpha particles. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators can use the heat from this process, but this is hindered by the rarity and high cost of curium. Curium is used in making heavier actinides and the ²³⁸Pu radionuclide for power sources in artificial cardiac pacemakers and RTGs for spacecraft. It served as the α-source in the alpha particle X-ray spectrometers of several space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Researchers have proposed using curium as fuel in nuclear reactors.^[6]