Chemical compound
d -Deprenyl , also known as or dextro -N -propargyl-N -methylamphetamine , is an MAO-B inhibitor that metabolizes into d -amphetamine and d -methamphetamine and is therefore also a norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent .[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] It is one of the two enantiomers of deprenyl and is the opposite enantiomer of l -deprenyl (selegiline).
l -Deprenyl , also an MAO-B inhibitor, metabolizes to l -amphetamine and l -methamphetamine , which are both norepinephrine releasing agents . In contrast, d -deprenyl additionally has dopaminergic effects and has been found to be reinforcing in scientific research, whereas l -deprenyl is not known to have any appreciable psychological reinforcement.[ 6] [ 7]
In addition to its actions as an MAO-B inhibitor and NDRA, d -deprenyl has been found to bind with high affinity to the σ1 receptor (Ki = 79 nM) similarly to various other amphetamine derivatives.[ 8] [ 9] Its l -isomer, selegiline, binds with 3.5-fold lower affinity in comparison.[ 8] [ 9]
^ Thiffault C, Quirion R, Poirier J (October 1997). "The effect of L-deprenyl, D-deprenyl and MDL72974 on mitochondrial respiration: a possible mechanism leading to an adaptive increase in superoxide dismutase activity". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research . 49 (1–2): 127–136. doi :10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00135-6 . PMID 9387872 .
^ Thyagarajan S, Madden KS, Boehm GW, Stevens SY, Felten DL, Bellinger DL (January 2013). "L-Deprenyl reverses age-associated decline in splenic norepinephrine, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ production in old female F344 rats" . Neuroimmunomodulation . 20 (2): 72–78. doi :10.1159/000345043 . PMC 3695399 . PMID 23207416 .
^ Muralikrishnan D, Samantaray S, Mohanakumar KP (October 2003). "D-deprenyl protects nigrostriatal neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity". Synapse . 50 (1): 7–13. doi :10.1002/syn.10239 . PMID 12872288 . S2CID 24859873 .
^ Simon L, Szilágyi G, Bori Z, Orbay P, Nagy Z (November 2001). "(-)-D-Deprenyl attenuates apoptosis in experimental brain ischaemia". European Journal of Pharmacology . 430 (2–3): 235–241. doi :10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01375-9 . PMID 11711036 .
^ Yasar S, Schindler CW, Thorndike EB, Szelenyi I, Goldberg SR (April 1993). "Evaluation of the stereoisomers of deprenyl for amphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats" . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 265 (1): 1–6. PMID 8473997 .
^ Yasar S, Gaál J, Panlilio LV, Justinova Z, Molnár SV, Redhi GH, Schindler CW (January 2006). "A comparison of drug-seeking behavior maintained by D-amphetamine, L-deprenyl (selegiline), and D-deprenyl under a second-order schedule in squirrel monkeys" . Psychopharmacology . 183 (4): 413–421. doi :10.1007/s00213-005-0200-7 . PMC 1360227 . PMID 16292593 .
^ Winger GD, Yasar S, Negus SS, Goldberg SR (December 1994). "Intravenous self-administration studies with l-deprenyl (selegiline) in monkeys". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics . 56 (6 Pt 2): 774–780. doi :10.1038/clpt.1994.208 . hdl :2027.42/110034 . PMID 7995020 . S2CID 10021258 .
^ a b Itzhak Y (1994). Sigma Receptors . Academic Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-12-376350-1 .
^ a b Stone TW (January 1993). Acetylcholine, Sigma Receptors, CCK and Eicosanoids, Neurotoxins . Taylor & Francis. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-0-7484-0063-8 .