A depletion force is an effective attractive force that arises between large colloidal particles that are suspended in a dilute solution of depletants, which are smaller solutes that are preferentially excluded from the vicinity of the large particles.[1][2] One of the earliest reports of depletion forces that lead to particle coagulation is that of Bondy, who observed the separation or "creaming" of rubber latex upon addition of polymer depletant molecules (sodium alginate) to solution.[3] More generally, depletants can include polymers, micelles, osmolytes, ink, mud, or paint dispersed in a continuous phase.[1][4]
Depletion forces are often regarded as entropic forces, as was first explained by the established Asakura–Oosawa model.[5][6] In this theory the depletion force arises from an increase in osmotic pressure of the surrounding solution when colloidal particles get close enough such that the excluded cosolutes (depletants) cannot fit in between them.[7] Because the particles were considered as hard-core (completely rigid) particles, the emerging picture of the underlying mechanism inducing the force was necessarily entropic.
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