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The deuterocanonical books,[a] meaning "Of, pertaining to, or constituting a second canon",[1] collectively known as the Deuterocanon (DC),[2] are certain books and passages considered to be canonical books of the Old Testament by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Church of the East. In contrast, modern Rabbinic Judaism and Protestants regard the DC as Apocrypha.
Seven books are accepted as deuterocanonical by all the ancient churches: Tobit, Judith, Baruch, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom, First and Second Maccabees and also the Greek additions to Esther and Daniel.[4] In addition to these, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Church include other books in their canons.
The deuterocanonical books are included in the Septuagint, the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. They date from 300 BC to 100 AD, before the separation of the Christian church from Judaism,[5][6][7] and they are regularly found in old manuscripts and cited frequently by the Church Fathers, such as Clement of Rome, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Irenaeus, Tertullian, among others.[8]
According to the Gelasian Decree, the Council of Rome (382 AD) defined a list of books of scripture as canonical. It included most of the deuterocanonical books.[9][10] Patristic and synodal lists from the 200s, 300s and 400s usually include selections of the deuterocanonical books.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Simpson, John A., ed. (1989). The Oxford English dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Pr. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8.
- ^ Sanneh, Lamin (3 May 2016), Sanneh, Lamin; McClymond, Michael J. (eds.), "Bible Translation, Culture, and Religion", The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 263–281, doi:10.1002/9781118556115.ch21, ISBN 978-1-4051-5376-8, retrieved 27 April 2024
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
canonOTwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The protocanonical books of the Old Testament correspond with those of the Bible of the Hebrews, and the Old Testament as received by Protestants. The deuterocanonical (deuteros, "second") are those whose Scriptural character was contested in some quarters, but which long ago gained a secure footing in the Bible of the Catholic Church, though those of the Old Testament are classed by Protestants as the "Apocrypha". These consist of seven books: Tobias, Judith, Baruch, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom, First and Second Maccabees; also certain additions to Esther and Daniel."[3]
- ^ Livingstone, E. A. (2013). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. OUP Oxford. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-19-107896-5.
- ^ "Apocrypha". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^ Gleason L., Archer Jr. (1974). A Survey of Old Testament Introduction. Chicago: Moody Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780802484468.
- ^ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- ^ Cross, F. L. (Frank Leslie); Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (1997). The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church. Internet Archive. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 1062. ISBN 978-0-19-211655-0.
- ^ "Tertullian: Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)".