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Dharma combat, called issatsu (一拶, いっさつ, literally "challenge"[1]) or shosan[2] in Japanese, is a term in some schools of Buddhism referring to an intense exchange between student and teacher, and sometimes between teachers, as an occasion for one or both to demonstrate his or her understanding of the Dharma[3] and Buddhist tenets. It is used by both students and teachers to test and sharpen their understanding.[4] Practice is primarily seen in Zen traditions, particularly Rinzai Zen and the Kwan Um School of Zen. In both, it is a key component in the Dharma transmission process.[5][6]
Zen practitioners will often have a sanzen, where the student has a face to face interview with their master.[7] This is also called nishitsu, which literally means "entering the room" and refers to the student entering the room for private dharma combat.[7]
An exchange is initiated when a master issues a challenge to members either individually or as a group.[3] The master will use confrontation as an emotionally charged tool to push a student into immediate realization.[3]
The Dharma combat usually appears to be in the form of a debate, with questions and answers that seem illogical to an outside observer.[3] These encounters may involve dialogues with non-verbal elements as well as verbal.[8] An exchange between combatants will often show disjointed comments, shouting and even slapping.[3] These encounters, where the student's flaws in understanding or practice of dharma are exposed, have left students with a reluctance to enter the room used for combat.[8]
As Peter D. Hershock asserts, the term itself provides insight into the risks of the encounter between student and master.[9] Traditionally, Buddhism is known for helping others to attain peace and freedom from affliction.[9] The usage of a martial term to describe enlightenment, he attests, cannot be accidental.[9] The student is in danger of losing the ability to maintain their prior chosen heading, much the same as in a battle.[9]
- ^ Tokushō & Braverman 2002, p. 228
- ^ Preston 1998, p. 140
- ^ a b c d e Baroni 2002, p. 66
- ^ Maezumi & Glassman 2007, p. 155
- ^ Ford 2006, p. 219
- ^ Kennedy 1995, p. 96
- ^ a b Weber 2005, p. 80
- ^ a b Leighton & Halifax 2003, pp. 283–284
- ^ a b c d Hershock 1996, p. 80