A diaphoneme is an abstract phonological unit that identifies a correspondence between related sounds of two or more varieties of a language or language cluster.[1] For example,[2] some English varieties[a] contrast the vowel of late (/eː/) with that of wait or eight (/ɛɪ/). Other English varieties[b] contrast the vowel of late or wait (/eː/) with that of eight (/ɛɪ/). This non-overlapping pair of phonemes from two different varieties can be reconciled by positing three different diaphonemes: A first diaphoneme for words like late (⫽e⫽), a second diaphoneme for words like wait (⫽ei⫽), and a third diaphoneme for words like eight (⫽ex⫽).
| Words | Phonemes | Diaphonemes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variety A | Variety B | ||
| late | /eː/ | /eː/ | ⫽e⫽ |
| wait | /ɛɪ/ | ⫽ei⫽ | |
| eight | /ɛɪ/ | ⫽ex⫽ | |
Diaphonology studies the realization of diaphones across dialects, and is important if an orthography is to be adequate for more than one dialect of a language. In historical linguistics, it is concerned with the reflexes of an ancestral phoneme as a language splits into dialects, such as the modern realizations of Old English /oː/.
The concept goes back to the 1930s. The word diaphone was originally used with the same meaning as diaphoneme, but was later repurposed to refer to any of the particular variants, making the relationship between diaphoneme and diaphone analogous to that between phoneme and allophone.
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