Dinoflagellate

Dinoflagellate
Temporal range: 240–0 Ma[1] Triassic or earlier–Present
Ceratium sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Myzozoa
Subphylum: Dinozoa
Superclass: Dinoflagellata
Bütschli 1885 [1880–1889] sensu Gomez 2012[2][3][4]
Classes
Synonyms
  • Cilioflagellata Claparède & Lachmann, 1868
  • Dinophyta Dillon, 1963
  • Dinophyceae sensu Pascher, 1914
  • Pyrrophyta Pascher 1914
  • Pyrrhophycophyta Papenfuss 1946
  • Arthrodelen Flagellaten Stein 1883
  • Dinomastigota Margulis & Sagan, 1985
  • Dinophyta Dillon, 1963

The dinoflagellates (from Ancient Greek δῖνος (dînos) 'whirling' and Latin flagellum 'whip, scourge') are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata[5] and are usually considered protists. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis).[6][7]

In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although substantially smaller than diatoms.[8] Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic (for example, Oodinium and Pfiesteria). Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts, as part of their lifecycles; this occurs in 84 of the 350 described freshwater species and a little more than 10% of the known marine species.[9][10] Dinoflagellates are alveolates possessing two flagella, the ancestral condition of bikonts.

About 1,555 species of free-living marine dinoflagellates are currently described.[11] Another estimate suggests about 2,000 living species, of which more than 1,700 are marine (free-living, as well as benthic) and about 220 are from fresh water.[12] The latest estimates suggest a total of 2,294 living dinoflagellate species, which includes marine, freshwater, and parasitic dinoflagellates.[2]

A rapid accumulation of certain dinoflagellates can result in a visible coloration of the water, colloquially known as red tide (a harmful algal bloom), which can cause shellfish poisoning if humans eat contaminated shellfish. Some dinoflagellates also exhibit bioluminescence, primarily emitting blue-green light, which may be visible in oceanic areas under certain conditions.

  1. ^ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–13629. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
  2. ^ a b Gómez F (2012). "A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)". CICIMAR Oceánides. 27 (1): 65–140. doi:10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111.
  3. ^ Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, et al. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521.
  4. ^ Silar P (2016). "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes". HAL Archives-ouvertes. Creative Commons. pp. 1–462. ISBN 9782955584101. OCLC 1019558675. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  5. ^ Fensome RA, Taylor RJ, Norris G, Sarjeant WA, Wharton DI, Williams GL (1993). A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication. Vol. 7. Hanover, PA: Sheridan Press. OCLC 263894965.
  6. ^ Stoecker DK (1999). "Mixotrophy among Dinoflagellates". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 46 (4): 397–401. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04619.x. S2CID 83885629.
  7. ^ Esser K, Lüttge U, Beyschlag W, Murata J (2012-12-06). Progress in Botany: Genetics Physiology Systematics Ecology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-6421-8819-0. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
  8. ^ Guiry MD (October 2012). "How many species of algae are there?". Journal of Phycology. 48 (5): 1057–1063. Bibcode:2012JPcgy..48.1057G. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x. PMID 27011267. S2CID 30911529.
  9. ^ Mertens KN, Rengefors K, Moestrup Ø, Ellegaard M (2012). "A review of recent freshwater dinoflagellate cysts: Taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology and palaeocology". Phycologia. 51 (6): 612–619. Bibcode:2012Phyco..51..612M. doi:10.2216/11-89.1. S2CID 86845462.
  10. ^ Bravo I, Figueroa RI (January 2014). "Towards an Ecological Understanding of Dinoflagellate Cyst Functions". Microorganisms. 2 (1): 11–32. doi:10.3390/microorganisms2010011. PMC 5029505. PMID 27694774.
  11. ^ Gómez F (2005). "A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans". Acta Botanica Croatica. 64 (1): 129–212.
  12. ^ Taylor FR, Hoppenrath M, Saldarriaga JF (February 2008). "Dinoflagellate diversity and distribution". Biodivers. Conserv. 17 (2): 407–418. Bibcode:2008BiCon..17..407T. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9258-3. S2CID 9810504.