Direct collapse black hole

Direct collapse black holes (DCBHs) are high-mass black hole seeds that form from the direct collapse of a large amount of material.^[2][3][4][5] They putatively formed within the redshift range z=15–30,^[6] when the Universe was about 100–250 million years old. Unlike seeds formed from the first population of stars (also known as Population III stars), direct collapse black hole seeds are formed by a direct, general relativistic instability. They are very massive, with a typical mass at formation of ~10⁵ M_☉.^[3][7] This category of black hole seeds was originally proposed theoretically to alleviate the challenge in building supermassive black holes already at redshift z~7, as numerous observations to date have confirmed.^{[1][8][9][10][11]}