Early American currency

Early American currency went through several stages of development during the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. John Hull was authorized by the Massachusetts legislature to make the earliest coinage of the colony (the willow, the oak, and the pine tree shilling) in 1652.^[1]

Because few coins were minted in the Thirteen Colonies, which later became the United Colonies and then the United States, foreign coins like the Spanish dollar were widely circulated. Colonial governments, at times, issued paper money to facilitate economic activities. The British parliament passed currency acts in 1751, 1764, and 1773 to regulate colonial paper money.

During the American Revolution, the colonies became independent states. No longer subject to monetary regulations arbitrarily imposed by the British parliament, the states began to issue paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress also issued paper money during the revolution — known as continental currency — to fund the war effort. To meet the monetary demands of the war, state and continental governments printed large amounts of currency, leading to rapid depreciation. By the end of the war, these paper notes became effectively worthless. Additionally, British counterfeiting gangs contributed further to the decreased value. By its conclusion, only a few counterfeiters had been caught and preemptively hanged, for the crime.