East Timor genocide

East Timor Genocide
Part of Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Cemetery in Santa Cruz visited in memory of the victims of the Indonesian Army's brutality
LocationEast Timor province, Indonesia
(East Timor under Indonesian occupation)
DateOccupation lasted from 1975 to 1999, though much of the killing occurred in the 1970s
TargetEast Timorese civilians
Attack type
Forced disappearance, Genocidal massacre, reprisal, scorched earth, enforced starvation, State terrorism, mass rape, internment, torture
Deathsapr. 80,000 - 200,000 per UN[1]
(estimate ranges from 60,000 to 308,000)
[2][3]
PerpetratorsGovernment of Indonesia
MotiveForced capitulation of the East Timorese people to Indonesian authority, Greater Indonesia, Christophobia, expansionism

The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. The majority of sources consider the Indonesian killings in East Timor to constitute genocide,[4][5][6] while other scholars disagree on certain aspects of the definition.[7][8]

  1. ^ Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
    * This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.
    "Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report" (PDF)."The CAVR Report". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference hidagen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Payaslian, Simon. "20th Century Genocides". Oxford bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  5. ^ Sidell, Scott (1981). "The United States and genocide in East Timor". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 11 (1): 44–61. doi:10.1080/00472338185390041.
  6. ^ "War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975-99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia". Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  7. ^ Saul, Ben (2001). "Was the Conflict in the East Timor 'Genocide' and Why Does it Matter?" (PDF). Melbourne Journal of International Law. 2 (2): 477–. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  8. ^ Lisson, David. "Defining National Group in the Genocide Convention: A Case Study of Timor-Leste." Stan. L. Rev. 60 (2007): 1459.