Echophenomenon

Echophenomenon (also known as echo phenomenon; from Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ) "echo, reflected sound") is "automatic imitative actions without explicit awareness"^[1] or pathological repetitions of external stimuli or activities, actions, sounds, or phrases, indicative of an underlying disorder.^[2]^[3]

The echophenomena include repetition:^[1]

echolalia (syn. echophrasia) – of vocalizations (the most common of the echophenomena)^[1]
- echopalilalia – of words^[4]
- echothanatologia - of words centered on death, described in a review of grief in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders^[5]
echopraxia (syn. echokinesis, echomatism^[4]) – of actions, movements
- echothanatopraxia - of actions related to the cause of death ^[5]
echopathy – of actions or speech^[4]
echoplasia – physically or mentally, tracing contours of objects^[1]^[3]
echolalioplasia – involving sign language, described in one individual with Tourette syndrome (as of 2012^[update]).^[1]^[6]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ganos C, Ogrzal T, Schnitzler A, Münchau A (September 2012). "The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: relevance to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome". Mov. Disord. 27 (10): 1222–9. doi:10.1002/mds.25103. PMID 22807284.
^ Ford RA (1989). "The psychopathology of echophenomena". Psychol Med. 19 (3): 627–635. doi:10.1017/s0033291700024223. PMID 2477866.
^ ^a ^b Kawohl W, Podoll K (2008). "Contour copying or echoplasia – a new echo phenomenon in a person with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome" (PDF). Psychopathology. 41 (3): 201–2. doi:10.1159/000120989. PMID 18337631. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c Robert Jean Campbell (2009). Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-19-534159-1.
^ ^a ^b Mair, Ally Pax Arcari; Nimbley, Emy; McConachie, Doug; Goodall, Karen; Gillespie-Smith, Karri (2024-04-03). "Understanding the Neurodiversity of Grief: A Systematic Literature Review of Experiences of Grief and Loss in the Context of Neurodevelopmental Disorders". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00447-0. ISSN 2195-7185.
^ Lang AE, Consky E, Sandor P (1993). ""Signing tics"--insights into the pathophysiology of symptoms in Tourette's syndrome". Ann Neurol. 33 (2): 212–5. doi:10.1002/ana.410330212. PMID 8434883.

[Ganos-1] Ganos C, Ogrzal T, Schnitzler A, Münchau A (September 2012). "The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: relevance to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome". Mov. Disord. 27 (10): 1222–9. doi:10.1002/mds.25103. PMID 22807284.

[Ford-2] Ford RA (1989). "The psychopathology of echophenomena". Psychol Med. 19 (3): 627–635. doi:10.1017/s0033291700024223. PMID 2477866.

[Kawohl-3] Kawohl W, Podoll K (2008). "Contour copying or echoplasia – a new echo phenomenon in a person with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome" (PDF). Psychopathology. 41 (3): 201–2. doi:10.1159/000120989. PMID 18337631. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2019-12-14.

[Campbell2009-4] Robert Jean Campbell (2009). Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-19-534159-1.

[:0-5] Mair, Ally Pax Arcari; Nimbley, Emy; McConachie, Doug; Goodall, Karen; Gillespie-Smith, Karri (2024-04-03). "Understanding the Neurodiversity of Grief: A Systematic Literature Review of Experiences of Grief and Loss in the Context of Neurodevelopmental Disorders". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00447-0. ISSN 2195-7185.

[Lang-6] Lang AE, Consky E, Sandor P (1993). ""Signing tics"--insights into the pathophysiology of symptoms in Tourette's syndrome". Ann Neurol. 33 (2): 212–5. doi:10.1002/ana.410330212. PMID 8434883.

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