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Ecofascism (sometimes spelled eco-fascism[1]) is a term used to describe individuals and groups which combine environmentalism with fascism.[2]
Philosopher André Gorz characterized eco-fascism as hypothetical forms of totalitarianism based on an ecological orientation of politics.[3] Similar definitions have been used by others in older academic literature in accusations of ecofascism of "environmental fascism".[4] However, since the 2010s, a number of individuals and groups have emerged that either self-identify as "ecofascist" or have been labelled as "ecofascist" by academic or journalistic sources.[5] These individuals and groups synthesise radical far-right politics with environmentalism,[6][7] and will typically argue that overpopulation is the primary threat to the environment and that the only solution is a complete halt to immigration or, at their most extreme, genocide against non-White groups and ethnicities.[8] Many far-right political parties have added green politics to their platforms.[9][1][10] Through the 2010s ecofascism has seen increasing support.[11]
- ^ a b Corcione 2020.
- ^ Zimmerman 2008, p. 531.
- ^ Gorz, André (1977). Ökologie und Politik [Ecology and Politics] (in German). Rowohlt: Reinbek. p. 75.
- ^ Hassan 2021, pp. 51–53.
- ^ Phelan 2018.
- ^ Jahn, Thomas; Wehling, Peter (1991). Ökologie von rechts. Nationalismus und Umweltschutz bei der Neuen Rechten und den Republikanern [Ecology from the right. Nationalism and environmentalism among the New Right and Republicans] (in German). Campus, Frankfurt/Main, New York.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ditfurth 1992, pp. 278, 324.
- ^ Kamel, Lamoureux & Makuch 2020; Corcione 2020; Oksa 2005; Taylor 2020, pp. 277–278; Harris 2022, pp. 458–459; Staudenmaier 2004, p. 520
- ^ Kamel, Lamoureux & Makuch 2020.
- ^ Ross & Bevensee 2020, pp. 4–9.
- ^ Protopapadakis 2014, p. 587; Dyett & Thomas 2019, p. 220; Kaati et al. 2020; Harris 2022, p. 452; Tynan 2023, pp. 90–91; Chalecki 2023, p. 1