Economy of England

Economy of England
The City of London, the financial capital of England, and the United Kingdom as a whole
CurrencyPound sterling (£)
1 April to 31 March[a]
Statistics
Population57,106,398 (2022)[1]
GDP£2.162 trillion (2022)[2]
GDP per capita
£37,852 (2022)[2]
Labour force
28,081,000 / 74.9% in employment (Jan–Mar 2024)[b][3]
Labour force by occupation
List
  • 27.0% Professional
  • 15.1% Associate professional
  • 11.2% Managers, directors and senior officials
  • 9.5% Administrative and secretarial
  • 9.1% Elementary occupations
  • 8.6% Skilled trades
  • 7.8% Caring, leisure and other service
  • 6.1% Sales and customer service
  • 5.3% Process plant and machine operatives
  • (Jan–Dec 2023)[c][3]
Unemployment1,298,000 / 4.4% (Jan–Mar 2024)[d][3]
Average gross salary
£683.40 per week (2023)[e][3]
External
Exports£539.2 billion (2021)[f][4]
Export goods
List
  • £92.8bn Machinery and transport
  • £40.2bn Chemicals
  • £31.8bn Miscellaneous manufactures
  • £28.6bn Manufactured goods
  • £14.2bn Mineral fuels
  • £8.6bn Food and live animals
  • £7.4bn Crude materials
  • £2.3bn Beverages and tobacco
  • £0.4bn Animal and vegetable oils
  • £0.0bn Other commodities
  • £226.4bn Total
  • (2021)[g][5]
Main export partners
List
  • £110.5bn European Union
  • £42.2bn Asia & Oceania
  • £39.1bn North America
  • £11.9bn Middle East and North Africa (excl. EU)
  • £10.3bn Western Europe (excl. EU)
  • £5.0bn Eastern Europe (excl. EU)
  • £3.9bn Sub-Saharan Africa
  • £3.2bn Latin America and Caribbean
  • £0.2bn Undefined country group
  • £226.4bn Total
  • (2021)[g][5]
Imports£535.9 billion (2021)[f][4]
Import goods
List
  • £124.5bn Machinery and transport
  • £56.9bn Miscellaneous manufactures
  • £51.0bn Manufactured goods
  • £42.6bn Chemicals
  • £35.6bn Mineral fuels
  • £29.9bn Food and live animals
  • £12.0bn Crude materials
  • £5.5bn Beverages and tobacco
  • £1.3bn Animal and vegetable oils
  • £0.1bn Other commodities
  • £359.4bn Total
  • (2021)[g][5]
Main import partners
List
  • £178.6bn European Union
  • £86.9bn Asia & Oceania
  • £34.0bn Western Europe (excl. EU)
  • £30.3bn North America
  • £10.0bn Middle East and North Africa (excl. EU)
  • £8.0bn Eastern Europe (excl. EU)
  • £7.1bn Sub-Saharan Africa
  • £4.4bn Latin America and Caribbean
  • — Undefined country group
  • £359.4bn Total
  • (2021)[g][5]

The economy of England is the largest economy of the four countries of the United Kingdom. England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an average GDP per capita of £37,852 in 2022.[2]

His Majesty's Treasury, led by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government's public finance policy and economic policy. Government involvement is also primarily exercised by the Department for Business and Trade and Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. Regarded as a highly developed social market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.[6]

England is a highly industrialised country. It is a leader in the high-tech, chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry.[7] It is also an important producer of textiles and chemical products. Although automobiles, locomotives, and aircraft are among England's other important industrial products, a significant proportion of the country's income comes from the City of London and its financial hubs, banking, insurance, investment management and other related financial services. The UK technology sector is valued at US$1 trillion, third behind the United States and China, mostly based in England.[8][9]

The service sector of the economy is largest in England and one the largest in Europe. Construction industry, technology, and business services continue to produce economic growth, provided mainly by the growing services, administrative and financial sectors. Creative industries (arts, film production, product, fashion, design, music, IT, etc.) remain important to the national economy, with England having the second largest creative industry sector in Europe.[10][11]

In the 18th century, England was the first nation to industrialise.[12] In common with most other advanced industrialised economies, England has seen a decline in the importance of both manufacturing industries and primary-based extractive industries. Since the 1990s, the financial services sector has played an increasingly significant role in the English economy and the City of London is one of the world's largest financial centres. Banks, insurance companies, commodity and futures exchanges are heavily concentrated in the city.

The London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.[13] The official currency in England is the pound sterling, whose ISO 4217 code is GBP. The "pound sterling" is the oldest currency in continuous use. Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe – as of 2014 the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to £31,865 above the personal tax-free allowance (normally £10,000), and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount.[14]

England is a nation within the United Kingdom, which is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G7, the G8, the G20, the CPTPP, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the United Nations.


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  1. ^ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions". Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d "Labour Market Profile - England". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b Tuck, Helen (28 June 2023). "International trade in UK nations, regions and cities: 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "UK Regional Trade in Goods Statistics". UK Trade Info. HM Revenue and Customs. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  6. ^ "The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  7. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  8. ^ Hopkin, George (14 September 2022). "UK's trillion dollar demand for global technology talent". technologymagazine.com. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  9. ^ "London Has Officially Become the Technology Capital of Europe". BrainStation®. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  10. ^ "Overview of the creative arts sector in the UK | Prospects.ac.uk". www.prospects.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  11. ^ "Creative economy employment in the EU and UK: A comparative analysis". nesta. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  12. ^ Perry, Marvin; Jacob, Margaret C.; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James R. (2009). Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, ando Society (9th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-547-14701-7. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  13. ^ "Financial Centre". London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  14. ^ Brignall, Miles (19 March 2014). "Personal allowance: Osborne's budget has been far from generous". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.