Eight Banners

Eight Banners
Country China
AllegianceLater Jin
Qing dynasty
TypeArtillery
Cavalry
Infantry
Musketeers
EngagementsLater Jin invasion of Joseon

Qing conquest of Ming

Qing invasion of Joseon
Revolt of the Three Feudatories
Ten Great Campaigns
First Opium War
Second Opium War
Taiping Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion

Xinhai Revolution
Eight Banners
Chinese name
Chinese八旗
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinbāqí
Wade–Gilespa1-ch'i2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJPat-kî
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicНайман хошуу
Mongolian scriptᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCnaiman khoshuu
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
Romanizationjakūn gūsa

The Eight Banners (in Manchu: ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ
ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
jakūn gūsa, Chinese: 八旗; pinyin: bāqí; Wade–Giles: pa1-ch'i2, Mongolian: ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ
ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
) were administrative and military divisions under the Later Jin and Qing dynasties of China into which all Manchu households were placed. In war, the Eight Banners functioned as armies, but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society. Created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci, the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented Jurchen people (who would later be renamed the "Manchu" under Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji) and in the Qing dynasty's conquest of the Ming dynasty.

As Mongol and Han forces were incorporated into the growing Qing military establishment, the Mongol Eight Banners and Han Eight Banners were created alongside the original Manchu banners. The banner armies were considered the elite forces of the Qing military, while the remainder of imperial troops were incorporated into the vast Green Standard Army. Membership in the banners became hereditary, and bannermen were granted land and income. After the defeat of the Ming dynasty, Qing emperors continued to rely on the Eight Banners in their subsequent military campaigns. After the Ten Great Campaigns of the mid-18th century the quality of the banner armies declined. Their failure to suppress the Taiping Rebellion of the mid-19th century ruined their reputation. By the late 19th century the task of defending the empire had largely fallen upon regional armies such as the Xiang Army. Over time, the Eight Banners became synonymous with Manchu identity even as their military strength vanished.[1]

  1. ^ Franz Michael, "Military organization and power structure of China during the Taiping Rebellion." Pacific Historical Review 18.4 (1949): 469-483 online Archived 2022-09-25 at the Wayback Machine