Einstein (crater)

Einstein
Lunar Orbiter 4 image. Einstein is the larger, eroded crater. The smaller central crater is Einstein A.
Coordinates16°36′N 88°39′W / 16.60°N 88.65°W / 16.60; -88.65
Diameter181 km
DepthUnknown
Colongitude91° at sunrise
EponymAlbert Einstein
Topographic map. Red means highlands and blue means lowlands.

Einstein is a large lunar impact crater that lies along the western limb of the Moon, which makes it difficult to observe from the Earth. The visibility of this formation is subject to libration effects, but even under the best conditions not much detail can be observed except from lunar orbit. Nearby craters of note include Moseley just to the north, Dalton along the eastern rim, Vasco da Gama just to the southeast, and Bohr to the south-southeast. The formation Vallis Bohr is visible to the south.

The outer rim of this walled plain has been strongly obliterated by many smaller impacts. Occupying the center of the interior floor is Einstein A, an impact crater with terraced inner walls and a central peak. The outer rampart of this concentric crater spreads across the interior floor, covering over half the diameter of Einstein. Several smaller craters also lie scattered across the floor, but there are sections of relatively flat surface in the southwest part of the floor. Two small craters on the west side have fissured floors. These are believed to be secondary craters from the Orientale impact to the south.[1]

The widespread notion that this crater was discovered by Patrick Moore in 1939[2][3][4] is probably erroneous.[5] In the middle of the 20th century Hugh Percy Wilkins designated the crater Caramuel to honor Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz.[6][7] The crater was known under this unofficial name for some time,[4][8] but neither this name, nor almost all of Wilkins' other nomenclature, were adopted by the International Astronomical Union.[9] In 1963 E. Whitaker and D.W.G. Arthur named thie crater Einstein after Albert Einstein,[8] and in 1964 this name was adopted by the IAU.[10] Wilkins' map also contained a crater called Einstein, but it is a less prominent one[8] – Simpelius D.[2]

  1. ^ The geologic history of the Moon, 1987, Wilhelms, Don E.; with sections by McCauley, John F.; Trask, Newell J. USGS Professional Paper: 1348. Figure 3.9 A (online)
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Moore_1967 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Allen_1966 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Allen_1969 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mobberley_2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Wilkins_300_names was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Wilkins_unofficial_names was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Longshaw_2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Whitaker_2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference gazetteer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).