Emperor Gaozong of Song 宋高宗 | |||||||||||||
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Emperor of the Song dynasty | |||||||||||||
Reign | 12 June 1127 – 26 March 1129 | ||||||||||||
Coronation | 12 June 1127 | ||||||||||||
Predecessor | Emperor Qinzong | ||||||||||||
Successor | Zhao Fu | ||||||||||||
Reign | 20 April 1129 – 24 July 1162 | ||||||||||||
Predecessor | Zhao Fu | ||||||||||||
Successor | Emperor Xiaozong | ||||||||||||
Retired Emperor of the Song dynasty | |||||||||||||
Reign | 24 July 1162 – 9 November 1187 | ||||||||||||
Born | Zhao Gou 12 June 1107 Bianliang, Northern Song (present-day Kaifeng, Henan, China) | ||||||||||||
Died | 9 November 1187 Lin'an, Southern Song (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) | (aged 80)||||||||||||
Burial | Yongsi Mausoleum (永思陵, in present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) | ||||||||||||
Consorts | |||||||||||||
Issue | Zhao Fu Second Princess Kang Third Princess Kang Fourth Princess Kang Fifth Princess Kang | ||||||||||||
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House | Zhao | ||||||||||||
Dynasty | Song (Southern Song) | ||||||||||||
Father | Emperor Huizong | ||||||||||||
Mother | Empress Xianren | ||||||||||||
Signature |
Emperor Gaozong of Song | |||||||
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Chinese | 宋高宗 | ||||||
Literal meaning | "High Ancestor of the Song" | ||||||
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Zhao Gou | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 趙構 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 赵构 | ||||||
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Deji (courtesy name) | |||||||
Chinese | 德基 | ||||||
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Emperor Gaozong of Song (12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187), personal name Zhao Gou, courtesy name Deji, was the tenth emperor of the Chinese Song dynasty and the first of the Southern Song dynasty, ruling between 1127 and 1162 and retaining power as retired emperor from 1162 until his death in 1187. The ninth son of Emperor Huizong and a younger half-brother of Emperor Qinzong, Zhao Gou was not present in the capital of Bianjing (the modern day Kaifeng) when it fell to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in 1127 during the beginning of the Jin-Song Wars. Narrowly avoiding capture by Jin forces, he escaped first to Yangzhou and then Lin'an (the modern day Hangzhou), assuming the throne and reestablishing the Song court. Despite initial setbacks, including Jin invasions and a brief deposition in 1129, Emperor Gaozong consolidated his political position and presided over the continued military conflict with Jin. Prior to 1141, military commanders including Han Shizhong and Yue Fei reconquered portions of the Central Plains while chancellors like Lü Yihao, Zhao Ding, Zhang Jun, and Qin Hui managed the civil bureaucracy.
In 1141, Gaozong collaborated with Qin to pursue a peace settlement with Jin. Although the resulting Treaty of Shaoxing ceded the Central Plains and formally established Song as a Jin tributary, it ensured two decades of uninterrupted peace, allowing the Southern Song state to achieve internal stability and open a lucrative trade with Jin. Furthermore, it served to preclude the return of Emperor Qinzong, who remained in captivity in Jin and whose release could have jeopardized Gaozong's claim to the throne. Gaozong and Qin then secured court control over the military, forcing Han Shizhong and the general Zhang Jun into retirement and executing Yue Fei on trumped-up charges. Despite his successes as emperor, Gaozong's treatment of Yue, who was remembered as a culture hero, and his surrender of over half of Song China to the enemy, marred his reputation in both traditional historiography and popular memory. Gaozong, along his father and half-brother, were blamed for the Song dynasty's decline.
Gaozong's only biological son, Zhao Fu, died in childhood. In 1160, he adopted his distant relative Zhao Yuan and elevated him to crown prince in 1162, shortly before abdicating in his favor. Despite his abdication, Gaozong retained de facto control of state affairs as retired emperor, continuing to oversee the dynasty until dying of natural causes in 1187, at the age of 80.