English national identity

Main article: English people § Historical and genetic origins

According to some scholars, a national identity of the English as the people or ethnic group dominant in England can be traced to the Anglo-Saxon period.

For Lindy Brady and Marc Morris, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People and the construction of Offa's Dyke exemplifies the establishment of such an identity as early as AD 731, becoming a national identity with the unification of the Kingdom of England in the ninth and tenth centuries, and changing status once again in the eleventh century after the Norman Conquest, when Englishry came to be the status of the subject indigenous population.[1][2][further explanation needed] Similarly, Adrian Hastings considers England to be the oldest example of a "mature nation", and links the development of this nationhood to the Christian Church and spread of written popular languages to existing ethnic groups.[3]

In contrast, John Breuilly rejects the notion these examples constituted "national" identity and criticizes the assumption that continued usage of a term such as 'English' means continuity in its meaning.[4] Patrick J. Geary agrees, arguing names were adapted to different circumstances by different powers and could convince people of continuity, even if radical discontinuity was the lived reality.[5] Geary also rejects the conflation of early medieval and contemporary group identities as a myth, arguing it is a mistake to conclude continuity based on the recurrence of names and that historians fail to recognize the differences between earlier ways of perceiving group identities and more contemporary attitudes, stating they are "trapped in the very historical process we are attempting to study".[6]

From the eighteenth century, the terms 'English' and 'British' began to be seen as interchangeable to many of the English.[7]

While the official United Kingdom census does record ethnicity, English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British is a single tick-box under the "White" heading for the answer to the ethnicity question asked in England and Wales (while making the distinction of white Irish).[8][9]

Although Englishness and Britishness are used synonymously in some contexts,[10] the two terms are not identical, and the relation of each to the other is complex. Englishness is often a response to different national identities within Britain, such as Scottishness, Irishness, Welshness and Cornishness.[11]

Sometimes Englishness is thought to be encapsulated in terms of a particular relation to sport: fair play, for instance. Arguably, England's "national games" are football and, particularly, cricket. As cricket historian Dominic Malcolm argues, the link between cricket and England's national identity became solidified through literature. Works such as James Love's Cricket: an heroic poem and Mary Mitford's Our Village, along with Nyren's The Cricketers of My Time and Pycroft's The Cricket Field, purported to identify the characteristics of cricket with the notional characteristics of English society, such as pragmatism, integrity, and independence.[12]

  1. ^ Brady, Lindy. Constructing Identity in Anglo-Saxon Literature: Review of Current Scholarship (2016)
  2. ^ Morris, Marc. The Anglo-Saxons: A History of the Beginnings of England (2021)
  3. ^ Baycroft, Timothy (1999). "Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 235 pp. £13.99". Nations and Nationalism. 5 (1): 127–52. ISSN 1469-8129.
  4. ^ Özkirimli, Umut (2010). Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 78.
  5. ^ Özkirimli, Umut (2010). Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 77.
  6. ^ Özkirimli, Umut (2010). Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77–78.
  7. ^ Smith, Anthony (13 May 2005). "'Set in the Silver Sea': English National Identity and European Integration" (PDF). Workshop: National Identity and Euroscepticism: A Comparison Between France and the United Kingdom. University of Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  8. ^ "Ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  9. ^ Forrest, Adam (3 August 2021). "David Lammy questions why 'Black English' is not a census option". The Independent. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  10. ^ "South East Wales Public Life - Dr Gwynfor Evans". BBC. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  11. ^ MacPhee, Graham; Prem Poddar, eds. (2010). Empire and After: Englishness in Postcolonial Perspective. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-1-84545-320-6.
  12. ^ Malcolm, Dominic (2012). Globalizing Cricket: Englishness, Empire and Identity. London: Bloomsbury. p. 34. ISBN 9781849665612.