Enrico Berlinguer

Enrico Berlinguer
General Secretary of the
Italian Communist Party
In office
17 March 1972 – 11 June 1984
PresidentLuigi Longo
Preceded byLuigi Longo
Succeeded byAlessandro Natta
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
5 June 1968 – 11 June 1984
ConstituencyRome
Member of the European Parliament
In office
17 July 1979 – 20 January 1982
ConstituencyCentral Italy
Secretary of the
Italian Communist Youth Federation
In office
12 April 1949 – 14 March 1956
Preceded byAgostino Novella
Succeeded byRenzo Trivelli
Personal details
Born25 May 1922
Sassari, Italy
Died11 June 1984(1984-06-11) (aged 62)
Padua, Italy
Political partyItalian Communist Party
Other political
affiliations		Communist and Allies Group
Children4, including Bianca Berlinguer
Signature
Websiteenricoberlinguer.it
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Enrico Berlinguer (Italian: [enˈriːko berliŋˈɡwɛr] ⓘ; 25 May 1922 – 11 June 1984) was an Italian politician and statesman. Considered the most popular leader of the Italian Communist Party (PCI),[1] he led the PCI as the national secretary from 1972 until his death during a tense period in Italy's history, which was marked by the Years of Lead and social conflicts, such as the Hot Autumn of 1969–1970.[2] Berlinguer was born into a middle-class family; his father was a socialist who became a deputy and later senator. After leading the party's youth wing in his hometown, he led the PCI's youth wing, the Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI), at the national level from 1949 to 1956. In 1968, he was elected to the country's Chamber of Deputies, and he became the leader of the PCI in 1972; he remained a deputy until his death in 1984. Under his leadership, the number of votes for the PCI peaked.[3] The PCI's results in 1976 remain the highest for any Italian left-wing or centre-left party both in terms of votes and vote share, and the party's results in 1984, just after his death, remain the best result for an Italian left-wing party in European elections, and were toppled, in terms of vote share in a lower-turnout election, in the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy.[4]

During his leadership, Berlinguer distanced the party from the influence of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and pursued a moderate line, repositioning the party within Italian politics and advocating accommodation and national unity.[5][6] This strategy came to be termed Eurocommunism, and he was seen as its main spokesperson.[7] It came to be adopted by Western Europe's other significant like-minded parties, such as the Communist Party of Spain and later the French Communist Party; its significance as a political force was cemented by a 1977 meeting in Madrid between Berlinguer, Georges Marchais, and Santiago Carrillo.[8] Berlinguer described his alternative model of socialism, distinct from both the Soviet bloc and the capitalism practised by the Western bloc during the Cold War, as terza via.[9][10][11] His usage of the term has no relation to the Third Way practised by subsequent prime ministers Romano Prodi and Matteo Renzi, but actually refers to a "third way" to Socialism after the emergence of the Social democratic parties of the late nineteenth century and the communist revolutions in Russia or China.

Under Berlinguer, the PCI reached the height of its success,[12] winning significant victories in the country's regional and local elections in 1975, and 34% of the vote in the 1976 Italian general election, its highest share of the vote and number of seats.[6][13] With these gains, he negotiated the Historic Compromise with the DC, lending support to their government in exchange for consultation on policy decisions,[14] as well as social reforms.[13] He took a firm stand against terrorism after the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro, and used the PCI's influence to steer Italian labour unions towards moderating wage demands to cope with the country's severe inflation rate after the 1973 oil crisis.[15][16][17] These stands were not reciprocated with sufficient concessions from Giulio Andreotti's government, leading the PCI to leave the coalition in 1979. The combination of austerity advocacy, hard line against the Red Brigades, and attempts at an accommodation with the DC affected the PCI's vote at the 1979 Italian general election and the compromise was ultimately ended in 1980.[17] The PCI remained in national opposition for the rest of Berlinguer's tenure, retaining a solid core of support at the 1983 Italian general election; its main strength from that point would remain at the regional and local level. Also a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1982, the PCI became the largest party for the first and only time in the 1984 European Parliament election in Italy, which was held a week after his premature death.[18]

One of the most important figures of the First Italian Republic,[19] Berlinguer had an austere and modest but charismatic personality,[13] and despite the difficulties that confronted the PCI during the Historic Compromise,[20][21] he remained a popular politician,[14] respected for his principles, conviction,[1] and bold stands.[13] He characterised the PCI as an honest party in Italy's corruption-ravaged politics,[13] an image that preserved the party's reputation during the Mani pulite corruption scandals. He was characterised by Patrick McCarthy as "the last great communist leader in Western Europe",[13] and remains identified with the causes of Eurocommunism, opposition to Soviet repression in Eastern Europe, and democratic change in Italy.[22][23]

  1. ^ a b Moss, David (2000). "Berlinguer, Enrico". In Moliterno, Gino (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture. London / New York: Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 0-203-44025-0. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  2. ^ Fasanaro, Laura (2012). "Neither in One Bloc, Nor in the Other: Berlinguer's Vision of the End of the Cold War". In Bozo, Frédéric; Rey, Marie-Pierre; Rother, Bernd; Ludlow, N. Piers (eds.). Visions of the End of the Cold War in Europe, 1945–1990. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-85745-370-9. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  3. ^ "Enrico Berlinguer". Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  4. ^ Labia, Sabino (28 May 2014). "Europee: Renzi ha preso davvero più voti di Berlinguer?". Panorama (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  5. ^ Lange, Peter (1980). "Crisis and Consent, Change and Compromise: Dilemmas of Italian Communism in the 1970s". In Lange, Peter; Tarrow, Sidney (eds.). Italy in Transition: Conflict and Consensus. Abingdon: Frank Cass & Co. p. 110. ISBN 9781136280139. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  6. ^ a b Weinberg, Leonard (1995). "Enrico Berlinguer and Bettino Craxi". In Wilsford, David (ed.). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-313-28623-X. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  7. ^ Paxton, Robert O.; Hessler, Julie (2012). Europe in the Twentieth Century (fifth ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. p. 539. ISBN 978-1133171126. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  8. ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2001). "Berlinguer, Enrico (1922-84)". In Cook, Bernard A. (ed.). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-815-31336-6. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  9. ^ Pierson, Christopher (1986). "La Terza Via: Theory, Strategy, and Practice". Theory and Society. 15 (6): 845–868. doi:10.1007/BF00160776. ISSN 0304-2421. JSTOR 657409. S2CID 140294961.
  10. ^ Fasanaro, Laura (2012). "Neither in One Bloc, Nor in the Other: Berlinguer's Vision of the End of the Cold War". In Bozo, Frédéric; Rey, Marie-Pierre; Rother, Bernd; Ludlow, N. Piers (eds.). Visions of the End of the Cold War in Europe, 1945–1990. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 1664. ISBN 978-0-85745-370-9. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  11. ^ Liguori, Guido (24 May 2023). "Enrico Berlinguer, la modernità della 'terza via'". Il manifesto (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  12. ^ Passarin, Sara Greta (26 May 2022). "Enrico Berlinguer, la biografia del leader del PCI italiano". True News (in Italian). Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d e f McCarthy, Patrick; Gilbert, Mark; Poli, Emanuela (2004). "Italy: A Society in Search of a State". In Tiersky, Ronald (ed.). Europe Today: National Politics, European Integration, and European Security (second ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 363. ISBN 0-7425-2804-9. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  14. ^ a b Samuels, Richard J. (2003). "Choices on the Left: Achile Occhetto and Fuwa Tetsuzō". Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-8014-8982-2. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  15. ^ Weinberg, Leonard (1995). "Enrico Berlinguer and Bettino Craxi". In Wilsford, David (ed.). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-313-28623-X. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  16. ^ Moss, David (2000). "Berlinguer, Enrico". In Moliterno, Gino (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture. London / New York: Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 0-203-44025-0. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  17. ^ a b McCarthy, Patrick; Gilbert, Mark; Poli, Emanuela (2004). "Italy: A Society in Search of a State". In Tiersky, Ronald (ed.). Europe Today: National Politics, European Integration, and European Security (second ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 364. ISBN 0-7425-2804-9. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  18. ^ LIguori, Guido (24 May 2022). "Enrico Berlinguer and 21st-Century Socialism". Transform! Europe. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  19. ^ "Nasce Enrico Berlinguer". Paese Sera Toscana (in Italian). 25 May 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  20. ^ Lange, Peter (1980). "Crisis and Consent, Change and Compromise: Dilemmas of Italian Communism in the 1970s". In Lange, Peter; Tarrow, Sidney (eds.). Italy in Transition: Conflict and Consensus. Abingdon: Frank Cass & Co. pp. 110–111. ISBN 9781136280139. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  21. ^ Hellman, Stephen (1988). Italian Communism in Transition: The Rise and Fall of the Historic Compromise in Turin, 1975–1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 107–109. ISBN 0-19-505335-4. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  22. ^ Veltroni, Walter (1994). La sfida interrotta. Le idee di Enrico Berlinguer- Baldini & Castoldi. p. 204.
  23. ^ Weinberg, Leonard (1995). "Enrico Berlinguer and Bettino Craxi". In Wilsford, David (ed.). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-313-28623-X. Retrieved 26 July 2016.