Most snakebites are caused by non-venomous snakes. Of the roughly 3,700 known species of snake found worldwide, only 15% are considered dangerous to humans.[1][2][3] Snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.[1] There are two major families of venomous snakes, Elapidae and Viperidae. 325 species in 61 genera are recognized in the family Elapidae[4] and 224 species in 22 genera are recognized in the family Viperidae,[5] In addition, the most diverse and widely distributed snake family, the colubrids, has approximately 700 venomous species,[6] but only five genera—boomslangs, twig snakes, keelback snakes, green snakes, and slender snakes—have caused human fatalities.[6]
Since reporting is not mandatory in many regions of the world,[1] snakebites often go unreported. Consequently, no accurate study has ever been conducted to determine the frequency of snakebites on the international level. However, some estimates put the number at 1.2 to 5.5 million snakebites, 421,000 envenomings, resulting in perhaps 20,000 deaths, but the actual number of deaths may be as high as 94,000.[7] Many people who survive bites nevertheless suffer from permanent tissue damage caused by venom, leading to disability.[8] Most snake envenomings and fatalities occur in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, with India reporting the most snakebite deaths of any country.[1] An analysis cross-referencing exposure to venomous snakes and accessibility of medical treatment identified that 93 million people worldwide are highly vulnerable to dying from snakebite.[9]
Available evidence on the effect of climate change on the epidemiology of snakebite is limited but it is expected that there will be a geographic shift in risk of snakebite: northwards in North America and southwards in South America and in Mozambique, and increase in incidence of bite in Sri Lanka.[10]
Worldwide, snakebites occur most frequently in the summer season when snakes are active and humans are outdoors.[1][11] Agricultural and tropical regions report more snakebites than anywhere else.[1][12] In North America, the victims are typically male and between 17 and 27 years of age.[2][11][13] Children and the elderly are the most likely to die.[2][14]
Region | Low Estimate | High Estimate |
---|---|---|
Asia | 237,379 | 1,184,550 |
Australasia | 1,099 | 1,260 |
Caribbean | 1,098 | 8,039 |
Europe | 3,961 | 9,902 |
Latin America | 80,329 | 129,084 |
North Africa / Middle East | 3,017 | 80,191 |
North America | 2,683 | 3,858 |
Oceania | 361 | 4,635 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 90,622 | 419,639 |
Total: | 420,549 | 1,841,158 |
Region | Low Estimate | High Estimate |
---|---|---|
Asia | 15,385 | 57,636 |
Australasia | 2 | 4 |
Caribbean | 107 | 1,161 |
Europe | 48 | 128 |
Latin America | 540 | 2,298 |
North Africa / Middle East | 43 | 78 |
North America | 5 | 7 |
Oceania | 227 | 516 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 3,529 | 32,117 |
Total: | 19,886 | 93,945 |
Estimates of the number of venomous colubrids approach 700 species. Most may not produce a venom capable of causing serious damage to humans, but at least five species (Dispholidus typus, Thelotornis capensis, Rhabdophis tigrinus, Philodryas olfersii and Tachymenis peruviana) have caused human fatalities
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