Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa (Portuguese) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1933–1974 | |||||||||
| Motto: Deus, Pátria e Familia ("God, Fatherland and Family")[1] | |||||||||
| Anthem: A Portuguesa ("The Portuguese") | |||||||||
&sq=Qlik&lang=&file=File:Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png) Map of the Portuguese Empire during the 20th century | |||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Lisbon 38°42′46″N 9°9′19″W / 38.71278°N 9.15528°W | ||||||||
| Official language | Portuguese | ||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism (de facto)[a] | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Portuguese | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary presidential republic[b] under a one-party authoritarian corporatist dictatorship[4][5] | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1926–1951 | Óscar Carmona | ||||||||
• 1951–1958 | Francisco Craveiro Lopes | ||||||||
• 1958–1974 | Américo Tomás | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1932–1968 | António de Oliveira Salazar | ||||||||
• 1968–1974 | Marcelo Caetano | ||||||||
| Legislature | |||||||||
• Consultative chamber | Corporative Chamber[6] | ||||||||
• Legislative chamber | National Assembly | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 19 March 1933 | |||||||||
| 11 April 1933 | |||||||||
| 14 December 1955 | |||||||||
| 25 April 1974 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 92,212 km2 (35,603 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1970 | 25,796,000 | ||||||||
| GDP (nominal) | 1970 estimate | ||||||||
• Total |  $15.888 billion | ||||||||
• Per capita | $616 | ||||||||
| HDI (1970) | 0.653 medium | ||||||||
| Currency | Portuguese escudo | ||||||||
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Prime Minister of Portugal 1932–1968
Government
Other &sq=Qlik&lang=&file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal.svg){kind=small} &sq=Qlik&lang=&file=File:Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_Flag.svg) |
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The Estado Novo (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɨʃˈta.ðu ˈno.vu], lit. 'New State') was the corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional ("National Dictatorship") formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the unstable First Republic. Together, the Ditadura Nacional and the Estado Novo are recognised by historians as the Second Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Segunda República Portuguesa). The Estado Novo, greatly inspired by conservative and autocratic ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, who was President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 until illness forced him out of office in 1968.
Opposed to communism, socialism, syndicalism, anarchism, liberalism and anti-colonialism, and fascism,[c] the regime was conservative corporatist, and nationalist in nature, defending Portugal's traditional Catholicism. Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental nation under the doctrine of lusotropicalism, with Angola, Mozambique, and other Portuguese territories as extensions of Portugal itself, it being a supposed source of civilization and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions. Under the Estado Novo, Portugal tried to perpetuate a vast, centuries-old empire with a total area of 2,168,071 square kilometres (837,097 sq mi), while other former colonial powers had, by this time, largely acceded to global calls for self-determination and independence of their overseas colonies.[8]
Although Portugal was a dictatorial country, it pursued economic policies aligned with those of democratic and developed nations. The first steps toward economic integration began in 1948 when Portugal joined the Marshall Plan, and subsequently became a founding member of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). In 1960, Portugal joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which allowed the country to integrate its industries with European markets while protecting its agriculture and fisheries, where it could not compete with Northern European nations.[9]
Portugal also expanded its economic ties globally by joining the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1962. Under Marcelo Caetano, who replaced an aging Salazar as prime minister in 1968, the country continued to liberalize its economy and advance European integration. This effort culminated in the signing of a free trade agreement with the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1972.[9]
When after Portugal, under the Third Portugese Republic, finally joined the EEC in 1986, most trade barriers with the rest of Western Europe had already been dismantled by the Estado Novo, with the exception of those relating to agricultural goods and fisheries and, more importantly, trade with Spain.[9]
On the political front, Portugal was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, and joined the United Nations (UN) in 1955.
From 1950 until Salazar's death in 1970, Portugal saw its GDP per capita increase at an annual average rate of 5.7 per cent, leading to significant economic convergence with wealthier Western European nations.[10] Despite this remarkable economic growth, by the fall of the Estado Novo in 1974, Portugal still had the lowest per capita income and the lowest literacy rate in Western Europe.[11] However, this economic convergence slowed or even reversed after the end of the Estado Novo, as political and economic instability in the post-1974 period hampered further progress.[12][13]
On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, a military coup organized by left-wing Portuguese military officers – the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) – led to the end of the Estado Novo.
- ^ Gallagher 1983, pp. 60, 99.
- ^ Gallagher 1983, pp. 125–126.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ecwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^
Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, eds. (7 September 2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications (published 2011). ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
[...] fascist Italy [...] developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were Estado Novo in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian Standestaat (1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,
- ^ Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro (2002). "Review: The Origins and Nature of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal, 1919–1945" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 11 (1): 153–163. doi:10.1017/S096077730200108X. JSTOR 20081821. S2CID 162411841.
- ^ "Estado Novo - Presidentes da Assembleia Nacional e da Câmara Corporativa" (PDF). Assembleia da República. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018. Alt URL
- ^ Kay 1970, p. 68.
- ^ "Portugal não é um país pequeno: superfície do império colonial português comparada com a dos principais países da Europa, Penafiel, [ca 1935] - Biblioteca Nacional Digital". purl.pt. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
- ^ a b c Coppolaro, Lucia; Lains, Pedro (Summer 2013). "Portugal and European Integration, 1947-1992: an essay on protected openness in the European Periphery" (PDF). e-Journal of Portuguese History. 11 (1): 61–81. hdl:10451/23210. ISSN 1645-6432.
- ^ Mattoso, José; Rosas, Fernando (1994). História de Portugal: o Estado Novo (in Portuguese). Vol. VII. Lisbon: Estampa. p. 474. ISBN 978-9723310863.
- ^ Perreira Gomes, Isabel; Amorim, José Pedro; Correira, José Alberto; Menezes, Isabel (1 January 2016). "The Portuguese literacy campaigns after the Carnation Revolution (1974-1977)". Journal of Social Science Education. 14 (2): 69–80. doi:10.4119/jsse-747. ISSN 1618-5293. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ Neave, Guy; Amaral, Alberto (21 December 2011). Higher Education in Portugal 1974-2009: A Nation, a Generation (2012 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 95, 102. ISBN 978-9400721340. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ Lains, Pedro (29 July 2019). "Convergence, divergence and policy: Portugal in the European Union". West European Politics. 42 (5): 1094–1114. doi:10.1080/01402382.2018.1522833. ISSN 0140-2382.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).