Ethiopian Empire | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1270–1974 1936–1941: Government-in-exile | |||||||||
| Motto: ኢትዮጵያ ታበፅዕ እደዊሃ ኀበ እግዚአብሔር Ityopia tabetsih edewiha ḫabe Igziabiher (English: "Ethiopia Stretches Her Hands unto God") (Psalm 68:31) | |||||||||
| Anthem: ኢትዮጵያ ሆይ ደስ ይበልሽ Ityoṗya hoy des ybelish (English: "Ethiopia, Be happy") | |||||||||
 The Ethiopian Empire boundaries in 1952 | |||||||||
 The location of the Ethiopian Empire during the reign of Yohannes IV (dark orange) compared with modern day Ethiopia (orange) | |||||||||
| Capital | None[note 1] (1270–1635) Gondar (1635–1855) Debre Tabor (1855–1881) Mekelle (1881–1889) Addis Ababa (1889–1974) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Amharic (dynastic, official, court)[3][4] Ge'ez (liturgical language, literature) many others | ||||||||
| Religion |
| ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Endonym: Ethiopian Exonym: Abyssinian | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy (1270–1931)[5] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1931–1974) | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
• 1270–1285 (first) | Yekuno Amlak[6] | ||||||||
• 1930–1974 (last) | Haile Selassie | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1909–1927 (first) | Habte Giyorgis | ||||||||
• 1974 (last) | Mikael Imru | ||||||||
| Legislature | None (rule by decree) (until 1931) Parliament (1931–1974)[7] | ||||||||
| Senate (1931–1974) | |||||||||
| Chamber of Deputies (1931–1974) | |||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages to Cold War | ||||||||
• Ascension of Yekuno Amlak | 1270 | ||||||||
• Conquests of Amda Seyon I | 1314–1344 | ||||||||
| 1529–1543 | |||||||||
| 1632–1769 | |||||||||
| 1769–1855 | |||||||||
| 1878–1904 | |||||||||
| 1895–1896 | |||||||||
| 16 July 1931 | |||||||||
• Second Italo-Ethiopian War (annexed into Italian East Africa) | 3 October 1935 | ||||||||
| 5 May 1941 | |||||||||
| 11 September 1952 | |||||||||
• Coup d'état by the Derg | 12 September 1974 | ||||||||
| 21 March 1975[8][9][10][11] | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1954 | 1,221,900 km2 (471,800 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency |
| ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Eritrea Ethiopia | ||||||||
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The Ethiopian Empire,[a] historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia,[b] was a sovereign state[16] that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak around 1270 until the 1974 coup d'état by the Derg, which ended the reign of the final Emperor, Haile Selassie. In the late 19th century, under Emperor Menelik II, the empire expanded significantly to the south, and in 1952, Eritrea was federated under Selassie's rule. Despite being surrounded by hostile forces throughout much of its history, the empire maintained a kingdom centered on its ancient Christian heritage.[17]
Founded in 1270 by Yekuno Amlak, who claimed to descend from the last Aksumite king and ultimately King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, it replaced the Agaw kingdom of the Zagwe. While initially a rather small and politically unstable entity, the Empire managed to expand significantly under the crusades of Amda Seyon I (1314–1344) and Dawit I (1382–1413), temporarily becoming the dominant force in the Horn of Africa.[18] The Ethiopian Empire would reach its peak during the long reign of Emperor Zara Yaqob (1434–1468). He consolidated the conquests of his predecessors, built numerous churches and monasteries, encouraged literature and art, centralized imperial authority by substituting regional warlords with administrative officials, and significantly expanded his hegemony over adjacent Islamic territories.[19][20][21]
The neighboring Muslim Adal Sultanate began to threaten the empire by repeatedly attempting to invade it, finally succeeding under Imam Mahfuz.[22] Mahfuz's ambush and defeat by Emperor Lebna Dengel brought about the early 16th-century jihad of the Ottoman-supported Adalite Imam Ahmed Gran, who was defeated in 1543 with the help of the Portuguese.[23] Greatly weakened, much of the Empire's southern territory and vassals were lost due to the Oromo migrations. In the north, in what is now Eritrea, Ethiopia managed to repulse Ottoman invasion attempts, although losing its access to the Red Sea to them.[24] Reacting to these challenges, in the 1630s Emperor Fasilides founded the new capital of Gondar, marking the start of a new golden age known as the Gondarine period. It saw relative peace, the successful integration of the Oromo and a flourishing of culture. With the deaths of Emperor Iyasu II (1755) and Iyoas I (1769) the realm eventually entered a period of decentralization, known as the Zemene Mesafint where regional warlords fought for power, with the emperor being a mere puppet.[25]
Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1855–1868) put an end to the Zemene Mesafint, reunified the Empire and led it into the modern period before dying during the British Expedition to Abyssinia. His successor Yohannes IV engaged primarily in war and successfully fought the Egyptians and Mahdists before dying against the latter in 1889. Emperor Menelik II, now residing in Addis Ababa, subjugated many peoples and kingdoms in what is now western, southern, and eastern Ethiopia, like Kaffa, Welayta, Harar, and other kingdoms. Thus, by 1898 Ethiopia expanded into its modern territorial boundaries. In the northern region, he confronted Italy's expansion. Through a resounding victory over the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, utilizing modern imported weaponry, Menelik ensured Ethiopia's independence and confined Italy to Eritrea.
Later, after the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Benito Mussolini's Italian Empire occupied Ethiopia and established Italian East Africa, merging it with neighboring Eritrea and the Italian Somaliland colonies to the south-east. During World War II, the Italians were driven out of Ethiopia with the help of the British army. The Emperor returned from exile and the country became one of the founding members of the United Nations. However, the 1973 Wollo famine and domestic discontent led to the fall of the Empire in 1974 and the rise of the Derg.[26]
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1982). History Of Ethiopian Towns. Steiner. p. 41. ISBN 978-3-515-03204-9.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (2009). "Barara, the Royal City of 15th and Early 16th Century (Ethiopia). Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer". Annales d'Éthiopie. 24 (1): 209–249. doi:10.3406/ethio.2009.1394.
- ^ The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology, Donham Donald Donham, Wendy James, Christopher Clapham, Patrick Manning. CUP Archive, Sep 4, 1986, p. 11, https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false Archived 28 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, Paul B. Henze, November 18, 2008, p. 78, https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false Archived 28 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nathaniel T. Kenney (1965). "Ethiopian Adventure". National Geographic. 127: 555.
- ^ Negash, Tekeste (2006). "The Zagwe Period and the Zenith of Urban Culture in Ethiopia, Ca. 930–1270 AD". Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 61 (1): 120–137. JSTOR 40761842.
- ^ Constitution of Ethiopia, 4 November 1955, Article 76 (source: Constitutions of Nations: Volume I, Africa by Amos Jenkins Peaslee)
- ^ "Ethiopia Ends 3,000 Year Monarchy". Milwaukee Sentinel. 22 March 1975. p. 3.
- ^ "Ethiopia ends old monarchy". The Day. 22 March 1975. p. 7.
- ^ Henc van Maarseveen; Ger van der Tang (1978). Written Constitutions: A Computerized Comparative Study. Brill. p. 47.
- ^ "Ethiopia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 1987.
- ^ a b The Royal Chronicle of his reign is translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles (Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967).
- ^ Markessini, Joan (2012). Around the World of Orthodox Christianity – Five Hundred Million Strong: The Unifying Aesthetic Beauty. Dorrance Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4349-1486-6.
- ^ Morgan, Giles (2017). St George: The patron saint of England. Oldcastle Books. ISBN 978-1-84344-967-6.
- ^ E. A. Wallis Budge (2014). A History of Ethiopia. Vol. I: Nubia and Abyssinia. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-317-64915-1.
- ^ Lewis, William H. (1956). "The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems". Middle East Journal. 10 (3): 257–268. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4322824.
- ^ Hathaway, Jane (2018). The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem: From African Slave to Power-Broker. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-107-10829-5.
- ^ Barsbay. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Erlikh, Hagai (2000). The Nile Histories, Cultures, Myths. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-55587-672-2.
- ^ Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region (PDF). University of London. p. 22.
- ^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 75
- ^ The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. 1975. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
- ^ "Adal". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Pankhurst, History, p. 70; Özbaran, 87
- ^ Pankhurst, History, p. 119
- ^ Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት) [The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)]. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.
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