Ethnopluralism or ethno-pluralism, also known as ethno-differentialism,[1][2] is a far-right political model which attempts to preserve separate and bordered ethno-cultural regions.[3][4] According to its promoters, significant foreign cultural elements in a given region ought to be culturally assimilated to seek cultural homogenization in this territory, in order to let different cultures thrive in their respective geographical areas.[5][6][7] Advocates also emphasize a "right to difference" (French: droit à la difference) and claim support for cultural diversity at a worldwide rather than at a national level.
Proponents describe ethnopluralism as an alternative to multiculturalism and globalization. They claim that it strives to keep the world's different cultures alive by embracing their uniqueness and avoiding a one-world doctrine in which different regions can be increasingly seen as culturally similar or identical.[6] Critics have called the project a form of "global apartheid" and "separate but equal" doctrine,[6][7] and many specialists have described the idea as a strategic attempt to legitimise racial supremacist views in public opinion by imitating egalitarian, anti-totalitarian, antiracist, or environmental discourses of the progressive movement.[8][9][7] Scholars have also highlighted close ideological similarities with ideas promoted by French neo-fascist activists in the 1950–1960s.[10][11][7]
The concept, formulated in its modern form by French political theorist and Nouvelle Droite founding member Alain de Benoist,[7] is closely associated with the European New Right and the Identitarian movement.[3][12]
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- ^ Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew (2004). Fascism: Post-war fascisms. Taylor & Francis. p. 84. ISBN 9780415290203.
- ^ Jackson, P.; Shekhovtsov, A. (2014). The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Springer. ISBN 9781137396211.
- ^ a b Bar-On 2001.
- ^ Bar-On 2011, p. 335: "De Benoist has also been responsible for restoring an aura of credibility to the extreme right - wing milieu and turning French ultra - nationalists into avid pan - Europeanists and radical ethnopluralists"
- ^ Spektorowska 2003.
- ^ a b c Deland, Minkenberg & Mays 2014, p. 58.
- ^ a b c d e Rueda 2021.
- ^ Taguieff 2001, p. 109.
- ^ Taylor 2019.
- ^ Taguieff 1981.
- ^ François 2013.
- ^ McCulloch 2006.