Exophiala dermatitidis

Exophiala dermatitidis
histopathologic changes in phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala dermatitidis, formerly Wangiella dermatitidis using PAS stain
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Chaetothyriales
Family: Herpotrichiellaceae
Genus: Exophiala
Species:
E. dermatitidis
Binomial name
Exophiala dermatitidis
(Kano) de Hoog (1977)
Synonyms[7]
  • Hormiscium dermatitidis Kano (1934)[1]
  • Fonsecaea dermatitidis (Kano) Carrion (1950)[2]
  • Hormodendrum dermatitidis (Kano) Conant (1954)[3]
  • Phialophora dermatitidis (Kano) C.W.Emmons (1963)[4]
  • Rhinocladiella dermatitidis Schol-Schwarz (1968)[5]
  • Wangiella dermatitidis (Kano) McGinnis (1977)[6]

Exophiala dermatitidis is a thermophilic black yeast, and a member of the Herpotrichiellaceae.[8][9] While the species is only found at low abundance in nature, metabolically active strains are commonly isolated in saunas, steam baths, and dish washers.[9][10] Exophiala dermatitidis only rarely causes infection in humans, however cases have been reported around the world. In East Asia, the species has caused lethal brain infections in young and otherwise healthy individuals.[11] The fungus has been known to cause cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis,[12][13] and as a lung colonist in people with cystic fibrosis in Europe.[14] In 2002, an outbreak of systemic E. dermatitidis infection occurred in women who had received contaminated steroid injections at North Carolina hospitals.[15][16]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kano 1934 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Carrión 1950 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Conant 1954 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Emmons 1963 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schol-Schwarz was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference McGinnis 1977 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference urlMycoBank was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Untereiner 1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Reiss 2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Zalar 2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hoog 2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Howard 2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kwon-chung 1992 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gunde-Cimerman 2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Richardson 2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference CDC 2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).