Exosome (vesicle)

Not to be confused with Exosome complex.
Exosome (extracellular vesicle)
Exosome cross-section showing hsp70 protein
Identifiers
MeSHD055354
Anatomical terminology

Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nanometers,[1] are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells.[2][3][4] In multicellular organisms, exosomes and other EVs are found in biological fluids including saliva, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid.[5] EVs have specialized functions in physiological processes, from coagulation and waste management to intercellular communication.[6]

Exosomes are formed through the inward budding of a late endosome, also known as a multivesicular body (MVB).[7] The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of the multivesicular body (MVB) bud inward into the endosomal lumen. If the MVB fuses with the cell surface (the plasma membrane), these ILVs are released as exosomes.[8] Exosomes were also identified within the tissue matrix, coined Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles (MBV).[9] They are also released in vitro by cultured cells into their growth medium.[6][10][11] Enriched with a diverse array of biological elements from their source cells, exosomes contain proteins (such as adhesion molecules, cytoskeletons, cytokines, ribosomal proteins, growth factors, and metabolic enzymes), lipids (including cholesterol, lipid rafts, and ceramides), and nucleic acids (such as DNA, mRNA, and miRNA).[12] Since the size of exosomes is limited by that of the parent MVB, exosomes are generally thought to be smaller than most other EVs, from about 30 to 150 nanometres (nm) in diameter: around the same size as many lipoproteins but much smaller than cells.[13][6] Compared with EVs in general, it is unclear whether exosomes have unique characteristics or functions or can be separated or distinguished effectively from other EVs.[2]

EVs in circulation carry genetic material and proteins from their cell of origin, proteo-transcriptomic signatures that act as biomarkers.[7][5][6][14] In the case of cancer cells, exosomes may show differences in size, shape, morphology, and canonical markers from their donor cells. They may encapsulate relevant information that can be used for disease detection.[5][7] Consequently, there is a growing interest in clinical applications of EVs as biomarkers and therapies alike,[15] prompting establishment of an International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) and a scientific journal devoted to EVs, the Journal of Extracellular Vesicles.

  1. ^ Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Sousa MJ, Vlieghe H, Yang J, León-Félix CM, et al. (June 2024). "Extracellular vesicles in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine: A review over the last decade". Bioactive Materials. 36: 126–156. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.021. PMC 10915394. PMID 38450204.
  2. ^ a b Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, et al. (2018). "Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 7 (1): 1535750. doi:10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750. PMC 6322352. PMID 30637094.
  3. ^ Yáñez-Mó M, Siljander PR, Andreu Z, Zavec AB, Borràs FE, Buzas EI, et al. (2015). "Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 4: 27066. doi:10.3402/jev.v4.27066. PMC 4433489. PMID 25979354.
  4. ^ van Niel G, D'Angelo G, Raposo G (April 2018). "Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 19 (4): 213–228. doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.125. PMID 29339798. S2CID 3944339.
  5. ^ a b c Nonaka T, Wong DT (June 2022). "Saliva Diagnostics". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 15 (1): 107–121. Bibcode:2022ARAC...15..107N. doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-123959. PMC 9348814. PMID 35696523.
  6. ^ a b c d van der Pol E, Böing AN, Harrison P, Sturk A, Nieuwland R (July 2012). "Classification, functions, and clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles". Pharmacological Reviews. 64 (3): 676–705. doi:10.1124/pr.112.005983. PMID 22722893. S2CID 7764903.
  7. ^ a b c Chen TY, Gonzalez-Kozlova E, Soleymani T, La Salvia S, Kyprianou N, Sahoo S, et al. (June 2022). "Extracellular vesicles carry distinct proteo-transcriptomic signatures that are different from their cancer cell of origin". iScience. 25 (6): 104414. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j4414C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104414. PMC 9157216. PMID 35663013.
  8. ^ Janas AM, Sapoń K, Janas T, Stowell MH, Janas T (June 2016). "Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in neural cells and neurodegenerative diseases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1858 (6): 1139–1151. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.011. PMID 26874206.
  9. ^ Huleihel L, Hussey GS, Naranjo JD, Zhang L, Dziki JL, Turner NJ, et al. (June 2016). "Matrix-bound nanovesicles within ECM bioscaffolds". Science Advances. 2 (6): e1600502. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0502H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600502. PMC 4928894. PMID 27386584.
  10. ^ Keller S, Sanderson MP, Stoeck A, Altevogt P (November 2006). "Exosomes: from biogenesis and secretion to biological function". Immunology Letters. 107 (2): 102–8. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2006.09.005. PMID 17067686.
  11. ^ Spaull R, McPherson B, Gialeli A, Clayton A, Uney J, Heep A, et al. (April 2019). "Exosomes populate the cerebrospinal fluid of preterm infants with post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus" (PDF). International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 73: 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.01.004. PMID 30639393. S2CID 58561998.
  12. ^ Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Sousa MJ, Vlieghe H, Yang J, León-Félix CM, et al. (June 2024). "Extracellular vesicles in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine: A review over the last decade". Bioactive Materials. 36: 126–156. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.021. PMC 10915394. PMID 38450204.
  13. ^ Rudraprasad D, Rawat A, Joseph J (January 2022). "Exosomes, extracellular vesicles and the eye". Experimental Eye Research. 214: 108892. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2021.108892. PMID 34896308. S2CID 245028439.
  14. ^ Loewy MA (14 March 2023). "Saliva: The next frontier in cancer detection". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-031323-1. S2CID 257541737.
  15. ^ Dhondt B, Van Deun J, Vermaerke S, de Marco A, Lumen N, De Wever O, et al. (June 2018). "Urinary extracellular vesicle biomarkers in urological cancers: From discovery towards clinical implementation". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 99: 236–256. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2018.04.009. PMID 29654900. S2CID 4876604.