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Externalization[a] describes the efforts of wealthy, developed countries to prevent asylum seekers and other migrants from reaching their borders, often by enlisting third countries or private entities.[5][6] Externalization is used by Australia, Canada, the United States, the European Union[7] and the United Kingdom.[8] Although less visible than physical barriers at international borders, externalization controls or restricts mobility in ways that are out of sight and far from the country's border.[9] Examples include visa restrictions, sanctions for carriers that transport asylum seekers, and agreements with source and transit countries. Consequences often include increased irregular migration, human smuggling, and border deaths.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Stock et al. 2019.
- ^ Hintjens & Bilgic 2019, passim.
- ^ Ryan & Mitsilegas 2010.
- ^ Stock et al. 2019, pp. 48–49.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, p. 5.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, pp. 1, 160.
- ^ Raphael, Therese (20 April 2022). "Boris Johnson Won't Find Refuge in Rwanda". Bloomberg UK. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, p. 4.
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