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| IEC voltage range | AC RMS voltage (V) |
DC voltage (V) | Defining risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| High voltage | > 1,000 | > 1,500 | Electrical arcing |
| Low voltage | 50 to 1,000 | 120 to 1,500 | Electrical shock |
| Extra-low voltage | < 50 | < 120 | Electrical fire |
Extra-low voltage (ELV) is an electricity supply voltage and is a part of the low-voltage band[1] in a range which carries a low risk of dangerous electrical shock.[2][3][4][5] There are various standards that define extra-low voltage. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the UK IET (BS 7671:2008) define an ELV device or circuit as one in which the electrical potential between two conductors or between an electrical conductor and Earth (ground) does not exceed 120 volts (V) for ripple-free direct current (DC) or 50 VRMS (root mean square volts) for alternating current (AC).
The IEC and IET go on to define actual types of extra-low voltage systems, for example separated extra-low voltage (SELV), protected extra-low voltage (PELV), functional extra-low voltage (FELV). These can be supplied using sources including motor / fossil fuel generator sets, transformers, switched PSU's or rechargeable battery. SELV, PELV, FELV, are distinguished by various safety properties, supply characteristics and design voltages.
Some types of landscape lighting use SELV / PELV (extra-low voltage) systems. Modern battery operated hand tools fall in the SELV category. In more arduous conditions, 25 VRMS alternating current or 60 V (ripple-free) DC can be specified to further reduce hazard. Lower voltage can apply in wet or conductive conditions where there is even greater potential for electric shock. These systems should still fall under the SELV / PELV (ELV) safety specifications.