Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

"EMDR" redirects here. For the materials characterisation technique, see Electrically detected magnetic resonance.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy that is a recommended treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but remains controversial within the psychological community.[1][needs update] It was devised by Francine Shapiro in 1987 and originally designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories such as PTSD.

EMDR involves focusing on traumatic memories in a manner similar to exposure therapy while engaging in side-to-side eye movements or other forms of bilateral stimulation.[2][3] It is also used for some other psychological conditions.[4][5]

EMDR is recommended for the treatment of PTSD by various government and medical bodies citing varying levels of evidence, including the World Health Organization, the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and the US Departments of Veteran Affairs and Defense. The US National Institute of Medicine found insufficient evidence to recommend EMDR.[6] The American Psychological Association suggests EMDR may be useful for treating adult PTSD.[7] Treatment guidelines note EMDR effectiveness is statistically the same as trauma-focused behavioral therapy, and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council notes that this may be due to including most of the core elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[citation needed]

There is debate about how the therapy works and whether it is more effective than other established treatments.[2][8] The eye movements have been criticized as having no scientific basis.[9] The founder promoted the therapy for the treatment of PTSD, and proponents employed untestable hypotheses to explain negative results in controlled studies.[10] EMDR has been characterized as a pseudoscientific purple hat therapy (i.e., only as effective as its underlying therapeutic methods without any contribution from its distinctive add-ons).[11][12]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference McNally1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Blum_2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rodenburg2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Carletto_2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cuijpers 2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference NAS_IOM_2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference apa2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sikes_2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference non was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Thyer BA, Pignotti MG (2015). "Chapter 4: Pseudoscience in Treating Adults Who Experienced Trauma". Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. Springer. p. 221. doi:10.1891/9780826177698.0004. ISBN 9780826177681. Nevertheless, to date, given that there is no evidence that anything unique to EMDR is responsible for the positive outcomes in comparing it to no treatment and the florid manner in which it has been marketed, we are including it in this book... Another way in which EMDR qualifies as a pseudoscience is the manner in which it was developed and marketed... EMDR proponents have come up with ad hoc hypotheses to explain away unfavorable results that do not support its theory, which is one of the hallmark indicators of a pseudoscience... This type of post hoc explanation renders her theory unfalsifiable and thus places it outside the realm of science, because to qualify as scientific, a theory must be falsifiable.
  11. ^ Thyer BA, Pignotti MG (2015). "Chapter 4: Pseudoscience in Treating Adults Who Experienced Trauma". Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. Springer. pp. 106, 146. doi:10.1891/9780826177698.0004. ISBN 9780826177681.
  12. ^ Fasce, Angelo (22 December 2017). "What do we mean when we speak of pseudoscience? The development of a demarcation criterion based on the analysis of twenty-one previous attempts [¿Qué queremos decir cuando hablamos de pseudociencia? El desarrollo de un criterio de demarcación basado en el análisis de veintiún intentos anteriores]". Disputatio: Philosophical Research Bulletin. 6 (7): 459–488. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.1433737. ISSN 2254-0601. a technique that avoids [criteria] 1 and 3 but not 2 [and is therefore a pseudoscience based on the classification method described on the previous page]