Fatwas of Osama bin Laden

Osama bin Laden authored two fatāwā in the late 1990s. The first was published in August 1996 and the second in February 1998.^[1]^[2] At the time, bin Laden was not a wanted man in any country except his native Saudi Arabia, and was not yet known as the leader of the international jihadist organization al-Qaeda. These fatāwā received relatively little attention until after the August 1998 United States embassy bombings, for which bin Laden was indicted.^[3] The indictment mentions the first fatwā, and claims that Khalid al-Fawwaz, of bin Laden's Advice and Reformation Committee in London, participated in its communication to the press.

^ Cite error: The named reference 1996 text was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders [Text of the 1998 fatwa]". Federation of American Scientists. August 23, 1998. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
^ Copy of indictment Archived September 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies

[1996_text-1] Cite error: The named reference 1996 text was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[e1998-2] "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders [Text of the 1998 fatwa]". Federation of American Scientists. August 23, 1998. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

[indicted-3] Copy of indictment Archived September 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine USA v. Usama bin Laden et al., Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies

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