Fecal sludge management

Fecal sludge being pumped out of a pit latrine in Durban, South Africa

Fecal sludge management (FSM) (or faecal sludge management in British English) is the storage, collection, transport, treatment and safe end use or disposal of fecal sludge.[1] Together, the collection, transport, treatment and end use of fecal sludge constitute the "value chain" or "service chain" of fecal sludge management. Fecal sludge is defined very broadly as what accumulates in onsite sanitation systems (e.g. pit latrines, septic tanks and container-based solutions) and specifically is not transported through a sewer. It is composed of human excreta, but also anything else that may go into an onsite containment technology, such as flushwater, cleansing materials (e.g. toilet paper and anal cleansing materials), menstrual hygiene products, grey water (i.e. bathing or kitchen water, including fats, oils and grease), and solid waste. Fecal sludge that is removed from septic tanks is called septage.

It is estimated that one-third of the world's population is served by onsite sanitation, and that in low-income countries less than 10% of urban areas are served by sewers.[2][3] In low-income countries, the majority of fecal sludge is discharged untreated into the urban environment, placing a huge burden on public and environmental health. Hence, FSM plays a critical role in safely managed sanitation and the protection of public health. FSM services are provided by a range of formal and informal private sector services providers, local governments, water authorities, and public utilities. This can also result in unreliable services with relatively high costs at the household level.

Although new technology now allows for fecal sludge to be treated onsite (see Mobile Treatment Units below) the majority of fecal sludge is collected and either disposed of into the environment or treated offsite. Fecal sludge collection can be arranged on a scheduled basis or on a call-for-service basis (also known as on-demand, on-request, or non-scheduled services). The collected fecal sludge may be manually or mechanically emptied, and then transported to treatment plants with a vacuum truck, a tank and pump mounted on a flatbed truck, a small tank pulled by a motorcycle, or in containers on a handcart. The wider use of multiple decentralized sludge treatment facilities within cities (to avoid long haulage distances) is currently being researched and piloted.

Fecal sludge is different to wastewater and cannot simply be co-treated at sewage treatment plants. Small additions of fecal sludge are possible if plants are underutilized and able to take the additional load, and facilities to separate liquids and solids are available.[4] A variety of mechanized and non-mechanized processing technologies may be used, including settling tanks, planted and unplanted drying beds, and waste stabilization ponds. The treatment process can produce resource recovery end-products such as treated effluent that can be used for irrigation, co-composting as a soil conditioner, anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas, forms of dry-combustion fuel such as pellets or biochar, charcoal, biodiesel, sludge and plants or protein production as animal fodder.[5][6]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference IWA Publishing-2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cairncross, S.; Feachem, R. (2019). Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics. Water, Sanitation and Disease Control. Routledge. p. 384. ISBN 978-1844071913.
  3. ^ Blackett, I.; Hawkins, P.; Heymans, C. (2014). "The Missing Link in Sanitation Service Delivery: a Review of Faecal Sludge Management in 12 Cities" (PDF). Water and Sanitation Program: Research Brief. World Bank: 8.
  4. ^ Strande, L., Ronteltap, M., Brdjanovic, D. (eds.) (2014). Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) book – Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation IWA Publishing, UK. ISBN 978-1780404738.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Andriessen-2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tilley was invoked but never defined (see the help page).