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Feminist views on transgender topics vary widely.
Third- and fourth-wave feminists tend to view the struggle for trans rights as an integral part of intersectional feminism. Former president of the American National Organization for Women (NOW) Terry O'Neill has stated that the struggle against transphobia is a feminist issue,[1] with NOW affirming that "trans women are women, trans girls are girls."[2] Several studies have found that people who identify as feminists tend to be more accepting of trans people than those who do not.[3][4][5]
A movement variously known as gender-critical feminism or trans-exclusionary radical feminism (TERF)[6] holds that womanhood is defined on the axis of sex, and thus asserts that trans women are not women, that trans men are not men,[7] opposes trans rights and rejects the concept of transgender identities.[8][9][10] These views have frequently been described as transphobic by other feminists.[11][12][13][14][15]
Some authors, such as Julia Serano and Emi Koyama, have founded a stream within feminism called transfeminism, which views the struggle for the rights of trans people and trans women in particular as an integral part of the feminist struggle for all women's rights.[16]
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nowwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
now2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Platt, Lisa F.; Szoka, Spring L. (28 January 2021). "Endorsement of Feminist Beliefs, Openness, and Mindful Acceptance as Predictors of Decreased Transphobia". Journal of Homosexuality. 68 (2): 185–202. doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1651109. PMID 31411935. S2CID 199663381.
- ^ Conlin, Sarah E.; Douglass, Richard P.; Moscardini, Emma H. (2 January 2021). "Predicting transphobia among cisgender women and men: The roles of feminist identification and gender conformity". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health. 25 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1080/19359705.2020.1780535. S2CID 225798026.
- ^ Brassel, Sheila T.; Anderson, Veanne N. (April 2020). "Who Thinks Outside the Gender Box? Feminism, Gender Self-Esteem, and Attitudes toward Trans People". Sex Roles. 82 (7–8): 447–462. doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01066-4. S2CID 198663918.
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MacDonald 2015was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Flaherty 2018was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Zanghellini, Aleardo (April 2020). "Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion" (PDF). SAGE Open. 10 (2): 215824402092702. doi:10.1177/2158244020927029. S2CID 219733494. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "A backlash against gender ideology is starting in universities". Economist. 5 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ Stock, Kathleen (2021). Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism. London: Fleet. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-349-72659-5.
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Miller 2018was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
dalbey_terfwarswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
usatoday_2017-03-16was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Lewis 2019was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Taylor, Jeff (23 October 2017). "The Christian right's new strategy: Divide and conquer the LGBT community". www.lgbtqnation.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
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Koyama_manifestowas invoked but never defined (see the help page).