Republic of Finland | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: Maamme (Finnish) Vårt land (Swedish) (English: "Our Land") | |
.svg)  Location of Finland (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Helsinki 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E |
| Official languages | |
| Recognized national languages | |
| Ethnic groups (2023)[1] | |
| Religion (2023)[1] |
|
| Demonym(s) | |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary republic[2] |
| Alexander Stubb | |
| Petteri Orpo | |
| Jussi Halla-aho | |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| Independence from Soviet Russia[3] | |
| 29 March 1809 | |
| 6 December 1917 | |
| 17 July 1919 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 338,145[4] km2 (130,559 sq mi) (65th) |
• Water (%) | 9.71 (2015)[5] |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate |  5,603,851[1] (114th) |
• Density | 18.4/km2 (47.7/sq mi) (213th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total |  $335.760 billion[6] (59th) |
• Per capita | $59,869[6] (24th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $305.689 billion[6] (48th) |
• Per capita | $54,507[6] (16th) |
| Gini (2023) |  26.6[7]low inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.942[8] very high (12th) |
| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Date format | dd.mm.yyyy[9] |
| Calling code | +358 |
| ISO 3166 code | FI |
| Internet TLD | .fi, .axa, .eub |
Finland,[a] officially the Republic of Finland,[b][c] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Finland covers a total area of 338,145 square kilometres (130,559 sq mi), including a land area of 303,815 square kilometres (117,304 sq mi),[4] and has a population of 5.6 million.[10] Helsinki is the capital and largest city. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish; 84.9 percent of the population speak the first as their mother tongue and 5.1 percent the latter.[1][11] Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. The land cover is predominantly boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.[12][13]
Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the last Ice Age.[14] During the Stone Age, various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The Bronze Age and Iron Ages were marked by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region.[15] From the late 13th century, Finland became part of Sweden as a result of the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was captured from Sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire. During this period, Finnish art flourished and the independence movement began to take hold. Finland became the first territory in Europe to grant universal suffrage in 1906, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.[16][note 2] Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Finland declared its independence. A civil war was fought in Finland the following year, with the Whites emerging victorious. Finland's status as a republic was confirmed in 1919. During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. As a result, it lost parts of its territory but retained its independence and democracy.
Finland remained a largely agricultural country until the 1950s. After World War II, it industrialised quickly and established an advanced economy, with a welfare state built on the Nordic model. This allowed the country to experience overall prosperity and high per capita income.[17] During the Cold War, Finland officially embraced a policy of neutrality. Since then, it has become a member of the European Union in 1995, the Eurozone in 1999, and NATO in 2023. Finland is a member of various international organisations, such as the Nordic Council, the Schengen Area, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The nation performs extremely well in national performance metrics, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, and human development.[18][19][20][21]
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
statistics-finland-population-2023-finalwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Parliamentarywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ The Soviet Russia's recognition of Finland's independence Dec. 1917 - Jan. 1918, archived from the original on 22 February 2024, retrieved 22 February 2024}
- ^ a b "Finland". Central Intelligence Agency. 8 August 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2021 – via CIA.gov.
- ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Finland)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 279. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Ajanilmaukset Archived 20 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Kielikello 2/2006. Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 20 October 2017
- ^ "Finland Population 2024 (Live)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
- ^ "Språk i Finland" [Language in Finland]. Institute for the Languages of Finland (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ Li, Leslie (16 April 1989). "A Land of a Thousand Lakes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ Mansel, Lydia (15 November 2023). "15 Best Places to Visit in Finland, From the Sauna Capital of the World to Santa Claus Village". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ Haggren, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015). Muinaisuutemme jäljet. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 23. ISBN 978-952-495-363-4.
- ^ Haggren, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015). Muinaisuutemme jäljet. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 339. ISBN 978-952-495-363-4.
- ^ Parliament of Finland. "History of the Finnish Parliament". eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 6 December 2015.
- ^ "Finland". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ^ "Finland: World Audit Democracy Profile". WorldAudit.org. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
- ^ "Tertiary education graduation rates—Education: Key Tables from OECD". OECD iLibrary. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 14 June 2010. doi:10.1787/20755120-table1 (inactive 2 November 2024). Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ "Her er verdens mest konkurransedyktige land—Makro og politikk". E24.no. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ "The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index". Prosperity.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
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