First-past-the-post voting

First-preference plurality (FPP) also known as single-member district plurality (SMDP)—often shortened simply to plurality—is a single-winner voting rule. Voters typically mark one candidate as their favorite, and the candidate with the largest number of first-preference marks (a plurality) is elected, regardless of whether they have over half of all votes (a majority). It is sometimes called first-past-the-post (FPTP) in reference to gambling on horse races (where bettors would guess which horse they thought would be first past the finishing post).^[1]^[2]^[3] In social choice, FPP is generally treated as a degenerate variant of ranked voting, where voters rank the candidates, but only the first preference matters. As a result, FPP is usually implemented with a choose-one ballot, where voters place a single bubble next to their favorite candidate.

FPP has been used to elect the British House of Commons since the Middle Ages.^[4] Throughout the 20th century, many countries that previously used FPP have abandoned it in favor of other electoral systems, including the former British colonies of Australia and New Zealand.

Most U.S. states still officially retain FPP for most elections. However, the combination of partisan primaries with the two-party system mean the country has effectively used a variation on the two-round system since the 1970s, where the first round selects two major contenders who go on to receive the overwhelming majority of votes.^[5]^[6]^[7]

^ "First-past-the-post: a rogue's practice?". On Elections. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
^ "First past the post". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
^ "First Past the Post and Alternative Vote explained". gov.uk. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
^ "The Boundaries Review is a chance to bring back multi-member constituencies". 26 September 2016.
^ Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (16 October 2023). "Toward a Different Kind of Party Government". Protect Democracy. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024. Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the United Kingdom and Canada (where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. Georgia) hold runoffs or use the alternative vote (e.g. Maine). Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and California).
^ Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (15 September 2005). "The American Electoral System". The Politics of Electoral Systems. OUP Oxford. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-153151-4. American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds.
^ Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André (2009), "The United States: A Case of Duvergerian Equilibrium", Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 135–146, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09720-6_9, ISBN 978-0-387-09720-6, retrieved 31 August 2024, In effect, the primary system means that the USA has a two-round runoff system of elections.

[1] "First-past-the-post: a rogue's practice?". On Elections. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2024.

[2] "First past the post". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

[3] "First Past the Post and Alternative Vote explained". gov.uk. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.

[4] "The Boundaries Review is a chance to bring back multi-member constituencies". 26 September 2016.

[:0322-5] Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (16 October 2023). "Toward a Different Kind of Party Government". Protect Democracy. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024. Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the United Kingdom and Canada (where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. Georgia) hold runoffs or use the alternative vote (e.g. Maine). Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and California).

[6] Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (15 September 2005). "The American Electoral System". The Politics of Electoral Systems. OUP Oxford. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-153151-4. American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds.

[7] Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André (2009), "The United States: A Case of Duvergerian Equilibrium", Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 135–146, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09720-6_9, ISBN 978-0-387-09720-6, retrieved 31 August 2024, In effect, the primary system means that the USA has a two-round runoff system of elections.

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